进展期胃癌淋巴结清扫范围的研究进展

一个多世纪以来,胃癌的手术治疗存在诸多争议,尤其是进展期胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围是争论的焦点问题.本文就当前国内、外有关胃癌淋巴结清扫范围的研究报道及最新进展做一综述和分析.     

小肠瘘的诊断和治疗

肠外瘘（enteroeutaneousfistula）一直是外科治疗中的难题，通常为手术后的并发症（75％-85％），也可由创伤、放射性肠炎、肿瘤、Crohn病等导致。跟以往相比目前肠外瘘的发病率并未降低，自愈率不到25％，死亡率为5％-20％。小肠瘘（small bowel fistula）是最常见的肠外瘘，占肠外瘘总数的75％以上，跟其他肠外瘘相比，小肠瘘的死亡率更高。小肠瘘的死亡原因主要是腹腔内感染和严重的伤口感染。现结合近几年的研究进展对小肠瘘的诊断和治疗进行简述。     

联合激动Toll样受体的树突细胞对小鼠结肠癌生长的影响

目的 观察联合激动Toll样受体(TLRs)的树突细胞对小鼠结肠癌的杀伤作用以及荷瘤小鼠的生存时间.方法 用转染人癌胚抗原(CEA)的MC38小鼠结肠癌细胞株(MC38-CEA)和MC38细胞株(1×106个/只)皮下注射人CEA转基因小鼠,7d后将不同的树突状细胞(DC)疫苗(1×106个/只)于对侧皮下注射小鼠,每周2次测量各组小鼠肿瘤的垂直直径,并记录小鼠的生存时间,绘制各组肿瘤生长曲线和小鼠生存曲线.结果 在预防性疫苗干预的MC38-CEA肿瘤模型中,第41天联合TLR且荷载CEA肽段的DC(TLR-DC+ CEA)组小鼠肿瘤平均体积(1091.20±226.12) mm3明显小于其余各组(P＜0.01),并且存活期明显优于其余各组(P＜0.01);在治疗性疫苗干预时,第41天TLR-DC+ CEA组小鼠肿瘤平均体积(6487.20±1024.47) mm3,小于磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)对照组(9361.20±2654.64) mm3(P＜0.05),而与其余对照组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在小鼠MC38肿瘤模型中,各组肿瘤平均体积差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),且各组小鼠存活期差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 联合激动TLR的DC疫苗能抑制表达CEA的小鼠结肠癌生长并延长小鼠生存期.     

小鼠肝星状细胞分离纯化和体外培养模型的建立

目的 建立小鼠肝星状细胞(m-HSCs)分离纯化的高效稳定方案,并通过原代和传代培养观察其生物学特性.方法 依次应用预灌注液、0.1% Pronase E、0.075% Collagenase NB4G对在体肝脏原位灌注消化.肝脏离体后,在0.02%DNaseI液中磁力搅拌消化10 min,低速离心(25g,5 min)去除残余肝实质细胞,进一步用Optiprep密度梯度液获得纯化的m-HSCs.采用锥虫蓝染色法评估细胞产量及活力;采用自发荧光及油红O染色鉴定细胞纯度;采用光镜、电镜以及Desmin/α-SMA免疫荧光双染色观察细胞形态和生物学特征.结果 分离得到的原代m-HSCs数量为(1.4±0.3)×106/g肝脏,细胞活率＞95%;原代培养24 b后,细胞纯度＞90%,传1代后细胞纯度接近100%.静止期和不同活化阶段的m-HSCs在亚显微结构以及α-SMA表达强度等方面存在差异.结论 建立的m-HSCs分离和纯化方法及体外细胞培养模型具有稳定性和高纯度性及高活率性.

Abstract：

Objective To establish a high-performance and stable model for isolation and purification of mouse hepatic stellate cells, and investigate their biological phenotypes by primary culture and subculture. Methods The liver was digested by in situ perfusion of pre-perfusion solution, 0.1% pronase E and 0.075% collagenase NB4G in turn. The liver was continued to digest using 0.02% DNase Ⅰ liquid with magnetic stirring for 10 min in vitro. After low-speed centrifugation used to remove residual hepatocytes, cells were treated with Optiprep density gradient solution to obtain the purified m-HSCs. Trypan blue staining method was used to calculate cell production and viability. The cell purity was identified by mHSCs autofluorescence and oil red O staining. Light microscopy, electronic transmission microscopy and double immunofluorescence staining of Desmin and α-SMA were done to observe morphological characteristics and biological phenotypes of m-HSCs. Results The yeild rate of m-HSCs was (1.4±0.3)×106/g of liver tissue, the cell viability was more than 95%, the cell purity was more than 90% after 24 h of primary cluture and close to 100% after the first cell passage. The activated m-HSCs had different characteristics of submicroscopic structures and expression level of α-SMA. Conclusion This study established a stable model for isolation, purification and culture of m-HSCs, which obtained the high purity and high-living rate of m-HSCs.     

骨髓间充质细胞和单个核细胞移植对糖尿病小鼠胰岛功能的影响

目的 比较骨髓间充质细胞移植和单个核细胞移植对糖尿病小鼠胰岛功能影响的差异.方法 建立糖尿病小鼠模型并分成3组:对照组(n=14)通过尾静脉注射磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS);单个核细胞组(n=14)通过尾静脉移植骨髓单个核细胞;间充质细胞组(n=14)通过尾静脉移植骨髓间充质细胞.观察移植后1周(n=6)和移植后6周(n=8),各组小鼠血糖的变化、胰岛数量、胰腺组织形态学特征及相关标记物的表达.结果 移植后1周,间充质细胞组小鼠血糖出现显著下降(16.6±1.6)mmol/L,与对照组(26.3±0.5)mmol/L和单个核细胞移植组(24.4±1.3)mmol/L比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),并一直维持到移植后第6周,血糖下降到(16.5±1.5)mmol/L,与对照组(27.7±0.1)mmol/L比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);移植后1周,间充质细胞组小鼠胰岛数目(21.2±1. 1)和胰岛β细胞数目(415.9±25.4)显著增加,与对照组(11.2±1.3)/(65.9±7.1)和单个核细胞组(12.2±1.3)/(64.1±6.5)比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).单个核细胞组和间充质细胞组小鼠胰岛中均发现BrdU(+)Insulin(+)细胞和BrdU(+)Insulin(-)细胞.结论 骨髓间充质细胞移植改善糖尿病小鼠胰岛功能的效果优于骨髓单个核细胞移植.移植后胰岛的再生既来源于胰岛β细胞的增殖,也可能来源于胰岛干细胞的分化.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the different effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells vs mesenchymal cells transplantation on islets function of diabetic mice. Methods Mouse diabetic models were created by multiply peritoneal injection of low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) and divided into three groups:control group ( n = 14) , bone marrow mononuclear cells group ( n = 14) , and bone marrow mesenchymal cells group (n = 14). Blood glucose was measured weekly after transplantation by glucometer. Histochem istry and immunofluorescence were performed to characterize pancreatic histology, morphology and markers expressed in receipt pancreas. Results Compared with control group and bone marrow mesenchymal cells group, blood glucose levels in bone marrow mesenchymal cells group were significantly reduced at first week after transplantation[( 16. 6 ± 1.6 ) vs ( 26. 3 ± 0. 5 ) / ( 24. 4 ± 1.3 ) mmol/L, P ＜ 0. 05]and sustained to reduce at 6th week after transplantation[( 16. 5 ± 1.5 ) vs ( 27.7 ± 0. 1 ) mmol/L in control group,P＜0. 05]. One week after transplantation, the islets number in bone marrow mesenchymal cells group was larger than in control group ( 21.2 ± 1. 1vs 11.2 ± 1.3, P ＜ 0. 05 ) and bone marrow mononuclear cells group ( 21.2 ± 1. 1vs 12. 2 ± 1.3 ,P ＜0. 05 ). One weeks after transplantation, the beta cell number in bone marrow mesenchymal cells group was larger than in control group (415.9 ± 25.4 vs 65.9 ±7. 1,P＜0.05) and bone marrow mononuclear cells group (415.9 ±25.4 vs 64. 1 ±6.5,P＜0.05). In bone marrow mononuclear cells and bone marrow mesenchymal cells groups, there were several BrdU ( + )Insulin( - ) cells and BrdU( + )Insulin( - ) cells in the islets. Conclusion The effect of bone marrow mesenchymal cells transplantation to improve diabetic islet function is more satisfactory than bone marrow mononuclear cells transplantation. Bone marrow mesenchymal cells transplantation can initiate pancreatic islets β cells regeneration by both proliferation of β cells and differentiation of pancreatic stem cells.     

腹股沟疝的治疗

体内某个脏器或组织离开其正常解剖部位,通过先天或后天的薄弱点、缺损或孔隙进入另一部位,称为疝。疝多发生于腹部,分为腹外疝和腹内疝,以腹外疝为多见。腹外疝是由腹腔内的脏器或组织连同腹膜壁层经腹壁薄弱点或孔隙突出体表所致。临床上以腹股沟疝和腹壁切口疝最为常见。     

载脂蛋白B和脂蛋白脂酶基因多态性与胃癌根治术后胆囊结石形成的关系

目的 探讨载脂蛋白B（ApoB）Xba Ⅰ位点和脂蛋白脂酶（LPL）HindⅢ位点的基因多态性与胃癌根治术后胆囊结石形成的关系.方法 选取复旦大学中山医院2006年诊断为胃癌的80例患者,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性的方法检测每例患者ApoB Xba Ⅰ位点和LPL HindⅢ位点的基因型.比较这两个位点不同基因型患者术后2年胆囊结石形成情况.结果 本组患者失访8例.根据基因型检测结果,将72例患者分为X^＋X^-组（10例）和X^-X^-组（62例）,H^-组（27例）和H-缺失组（45例）.X^＋X^-组和X^-X^-组患者的胃癌术后胆囊结石的发生率分别为60.0%和6.5%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）：X^＋X^-组患者手术前后血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白水平均明显高于X^-X^-组（P＜0.05）,而ApoB水平两组差异则无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.H^-组与H^-缺失组胃癌患者术后胆囊结石发生率分别为14.8%和13.3%.差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;H^-组血浆三酰甘油水平在手术前明显低于H^-缺失组（P＜0.05）,但术后两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 ApoB Xba Ⅰ等位基因与胃癌根治术后患者的胆囊结石形成有关,而LPL HindⅢ等位基因则与其无关.     

食管癌放化疗后回肠转移致肠梗阻一例

患者男,65岁.于2008年8月27日在台州市中心医院行胃镜检查发现食管上段癌,病理活组织检查证实为鳞癌,胸部CT检查示食管上段癌伴纵隔、肺门、右侧锁骨上多发淋巴结转移.     

肝脏干细胞生存微环境的研究进展

肝脏干细胞(hepatic stem cells,HSCs)具有维持自我更新和分化成多种子代细胞的潜能,在肝脏的发育、再生、纤维化及癌变等病理生理过程中发挥重要作用.近年来,随着干细胞研究的深入,干细胞生存微环境(niche,生境)成为热点.