成人双侧腹股沟隐睾伴左侧睾丸扭转1例

患者男，21岁，无明显诱因左腹股沟区疼痛2天人院。体检：双侧腹股沟区触及包块，左侧包块质硬、固定、疼痛明显。超声检查：双侧腹股沟区均可探及实性包块，内部回声均质，左侧包块较右侧明显增大，实质内可见局限性回声减低区，包块内部均未探及明显血流信号，周边探及游离液性暗区深度约0．8cm（图1）；右侧包块回声均质，内可探及点状血流信号。     

Torsion biomechanics of the spine following lumbar laminectomy: a human cadaver study

Purpose

Lumbar laminectomy affects spinal stability in shear loading. However, the effects of laminectomy on torsion biomechanics are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of laminectomy on torsion stiffness and torsion strength of lumbar spinal segments following laminectomy and whether these biomechanical parameters are affected by disc degeneration and bone mineral density (BMD).

Methods

Ten human cadaveric lumbar spines were obtained (age 75.5, range 59–88). Disc degeneration (MRI) and BMD (DXA) were assessed. Disc degeneration was classified according to Pfirrmann and dichotomized in mild or severe. BMD was defined as high BMD (≥median BMD) or low BMD (<median BMD). Laminectomy was performed either on L2 (5×) or L4 (5×). Twenty motion segments (L2–L3 and L4–L5) were isolated. The effects of laminectomy, disc degeneration and BMD on torsion stiffness (TS) and torsion moments to failure (TMF) were studied.

Results

Load–displacement curves showed a typical bi-phasic pattern with an early torsion stiffness (ETS), late torsion stiffness (LTS) and a TMF. Following laminectomy, ETS decreased 34.1 % (p < 0.001), LTS decreased 30.1 % (p = 0.027) and TMF decreased 17.6 % (p = 0.041). Disc degeneration (p < 0.001) and its interaction with laminectomy (p < 0.031) did significantly affect ETS. In the mildly degenerated group, ETS decreased 19.7 % from 7.6 Nm/degree (6.4–8.4) to 6.1 Nm/degree (1.5–10.3) following laminectomy. In the severely degenerated group, ETS decreased 22.3 % from 12.1 Nm/degree (4.6–21.9) to 9.4 Nm/degree (5.6–14.3) following laminectomy. In segments with low BMD, TMF was 40.7 % (p < 0.001) lower than segments with high BMD [34.9 Nm (range 23.7–51.2) versus 58.9 Nm (range 43.8–79.2)].

Conclusions

Laminectomy affects both torsion stiffness and torsion load to failure. In addition, torsional strength is strongly affected by BMD whereas disc degeneration affects torsional stiffness. Assessment of disc degeneration and BMD pre-operatively improves the understanding of the biomechanical effects of a lumbar laminectomy.     

Biomechanical investigation into the torsional failure of immature long bone

Approximately 50% of infant and toddler long bone fractures are attributed to non-accidental trauma; however, differentiating from benign mechanisms is subjective, due to an absence of evidence-based diagnostic tools. Previous studies investigated small ranges of rotational velocities in animal long bone models, although did not report the variation in the spiral fracture angle. This study considered the fracture angle as a potential clinical measure, correlating this data with a wider range of rotational velocities. The spiral fracture angle was measured relative to the long axis, whilst noting the narrowest diaphysial diameter, location of the fracture, and the extent of comminution and periosteal disruption. Twenty-six bones failed in spiral fracture, with the potting material failing in the remaining tests. All spiral fractures centred on the narrowest diaphysial diameter. Slower rotational velocities caused fracture angles approaching 45°, whereas fractures at greater velocities caused fracture angles nearer 30°. A relatively strong trend (R² = 0.78) is reported when the normalised fracture angle (against the narrowest diaphysial dimension) was plotted against the rotational rate. A relationship has been identified between the angle of spiral fracture and the rotational velocity using the immature bovine metatarsal model. This trend forms a scientific foundation from which to explore developing a diagnostic, evidence-based tool that may ultimately serve to assist differentiating between accidental and non-accidental injury.     

Torsion of the Gallbladder Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography

Torsion of the gallbladder is a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose preoperatively, the principal differential diagnosis being cholecystitis. The condition occurs most often in the elderly. Although its etiology is unknown, the presence of a redundant mesentery is a prerequisite for torsion. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography can provide important diagnostic clues. Torsion of the gallbladder occurs when it twists axially, with subsequent occlusion of bile or blood flow. Therefore, prompt surgical treatment is necessary in order to prevent necrosis and perforation. In the present study, we report a case of torsion of the gallbladder diagnosed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. This condition was successfully treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

螺旋形长型PHILOS接骨板治疗肱骨中上段骨折的生物力学研究

目的比较长型PHILOS接骨板(Synthes公司,瑞士)扭转成螺旋形前后的生物力学特性,为临床治疗肱骨中上段骨折提供生物力学依据。方法 12例Synbone人工骨(SYNBONE公司,瑞士)的右侧肱骨平均分为两组,对照组(n=6)采用10孔的长型PHILOS接骨板固定,实验组(n=6)采用相同的接骨板扭转成螺旋形后固定。肱骨中上段骨折造模后,利用万能力学试验机分别检测并比较两组接骨板固定后的整体构件在轴向拉伸和压缩、同向和反向扭转、前后及内外向三点弯曲6种加载方式下的生物力学特性。结果在100~500 N拉伸和压缩载荷下,实验组骨折断端位移分别较对照组增加约95%和58%;在0.6~3 N·m反向扭矩下,实验组扭转角度始终明显小于对照组,减少幅度达到55%~64%;在0.6~3 N·m的同向扭矩和1.5~7.5 N·m的前后向弯矩下,实验组的扭转角度和桡度均大于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05);当内外向弯矩为1.5、3 N·m时,实验组与对照组的桡度差别无显著性意义(P0.05),而内外向弯矩为4.5、6、7.5 N·m时,实验组的桡度较对照组小20%~30%。实验组与对照组构件相比,拉伸和压缩刚度分别低49%和36%,同向和反向扭转刚度分别低19%和高150%,内外向和前后向弯曲刚度分别高18%和低70%,差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论长型PHILOS接骨板扭转成螺旋形后固定肱骨中上段骨折的总体力学性能有所改善,可以满足临床对该类骨折的手术固定和术后康复需要。结合微创手术的优势,该技术有望在临床得到广泛应用。     

Outcomes of Second Look Exploration in Testicular Torsion of Children

Background:

Testicular torsion (TT), or twisting of the testicle resulting in a strangulation of the blood supply, occurs in men whose tissue surrounding the testicle is not well attached to the scrotum. It is important to emphasize that testicular torsion is a medical emergency.

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to evaluate the second look exploration and outcomes in TT.

Patients and Methods:

Seventy boys out of 124 patients underwent early exploration and 48 hours later second look exploration due to TT. All patients were checked with preoperative color-doppler ultrasonography (CDU) and intraoperative bleeding test. Data included age at admission, side of pathology, relation of TT with season of year, duration of preoperative history, degree of testicular torsion, CDU findings, and degree of bleeding; results of second look exploration, follow-up, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results:

Totally 70 patients were included in this study within five years, of which mean age was 28.6 ± 32.9 months (range 1 to 144), 48% of our patients had nausea and vomiting. Preoperative CDU showed absent/weak flow in 50 (71%) cases. Winter showed most frequently (44%) referred cases of testicular torsion. Orchidopexy was performed in 44 (63%) and orchidectomy in 26 (37%) cases after second look exploration. Mean follow-up duration was 3.1 ± 1.4 years. 4 (9%) cases in orchidopexy group developed testicular atrophy during follow-up, all four cases had a history of longer than 12 hours and grade II testicular bleeding test intra-operatively. Other orchidopexy patients salvaged. 26 patients, who were in grade III, underwent orchidectomy in second look exploration.

Conclusions:

TT requires emergency attention. The ischemia time of the testis is traditionally after 6 hours, and imaging or other diagnostic modality should not be a cause of delay. Early surgical exploration is modality of choice, and second look exploration after 48 hours can be more effective and salvageable in these patients.     

Acute abdomen for omental torsion

Torsion of the greater omentum is a rare condition of acute abdomen. We, herein, report a case of omentum torsion in a 31-year-old man with occlusive syndrome and abdominal pain. The preoperative diagnosis was accurately accomplished using computerized tomography (CT). Operative management was adopted with rapid and uneventful recovery. Knowledge of this pathology is important to the surgeon because it mimics the common causes of acute surgical abdomen.     

上斜肌减弱术矫正伴上斜肌功能亢进A型斜视82例分析

目的 探讨上斜肌减弱(断腱或后徙)术矫正伴上斜肌功能亢进A征的效果及眼球旋转状态的改变.方法 收集伴双侧上斜肌亢进的A型斜视82例,断腱术79例,后徙术3例,观察手术前后第一眼位、上下方斜视度及上斜肌亢进程度,于术前和术后1d行双眼眼底照相并测量黄斑-视盘夹角(FDA).结果 (1)断腱组:①术前A征斜度平均为(23.47±9.08)△;手术减少(25.27±11.79)△;随访期末残余斜度差为(-1.98±6.60)△,与术前比较差异有统计学意义.②术前平均FDA,右眼为(9.08±5.40)°、左眼为(12.10±4.77)°、双眼为(20.87±8.49)°;平均减少量,右眼(7.57±4.71)°、左眼(8.28±5.38)°、双眼(15.72±7.01)°;术后第1天FDA右眼(0.90±4.90)°、左眼(3.34±5.33)°、双眼(4.23±7.58)°;双眼FDA手术前、后比较,差异有统计学意义.(2)后徙组3例患者A征消失,手术矫正量为23△、35△、31△,双眼总FDA减少为24.00°、10.80°和11.00°.结论 双侧上斜肌减弱术可有效矫正A征和眼球内旋状态.断腱术A征矫正量与术前A征的度数呈正相关,术后内旋转度数减少量与术前客观旋转度数呈正相关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate tenectomy(ST)and recession(SR),and their effects in treatment of A pattern,superior oblique overaction,and torsion.Methods Pre- and Post-operative primary eye position,upgaze and downgaze of deviation,superior oblique muscle function,fundus photograph were examined and analyzed in 82 patients of A-pattem deviation with bilateral superior oblique overaction(SOOA).Results ST ① Mean A-pattern was(23.47± 9.08)△ before and(-1.98± 6.60)△ after the operation.Mean correction was (25.27±11.79)△.② The mean pre-operative fovea-disc angle(FDA)of both eyes was(20.87± 8.49)° ,with the mean decreasing of(15.72± 7.01),and the mean FDA was(4.23± 7.58)° 1 day after operation.SR The mean correction of A pattern was 23△,35△and 31 △.The mean correction of total FDA was 24.00° ,10.80° and 11.00° .Conclusions Bilateral superior oblique weakening is effective in correcting A-pattern deviation and incyclodeviation.     

超声二维斑点追踪技术评价心尖肥厚型心肌病左心室扭转运动

目的 探讨应用超声斑点追踪成像技术(STI)评价心尖肥厚型心肌病(AHCM)患者左心室扭转运动(LVtor)的临床应用价值.方法 对34例AHCM患者与21名健康志愿者行二维超声检查.获取左心室短轴二尖瓣环水平、心尖水平二维图像,应用STI软件测定左心室短轴心底水平、心尖水平心肌旋转角度峰值及达峰时间、旋转速度峰值;测定左心室整体扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、达峰时间、左心室舒张期解旋减半时间(HTU);计算舒张期解旋率(Untw R);比较两组间各参数差异.HTU分别与二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值(E)、舒张晚期峰值(A)及E/A值行相关分析.结果 AHCM组左心室短轴心尖水平心肌收缩期旋转角度峰值和旋转速度峰值均较对照组增加,达峰时间延长(P均＜0.05);AHCM组左心室整体Ptw及扭转速度峰值较对照组显著增大(P均＜0.05);AHCM组舒张期HTU较对照组延迟,Untw R降低,解旋速度峰值减低(P均＜0.05).AHCM组HTU与E/A值呈负相关.结论 AHCM患者在左心室收缩功能正常时,心尖部旋转及左心室扭转运动增强,Untw R降低.STI可敏感地反映出AHCM患者的心肌功能变化.     

斑点追踪技术对ST段抬高及非ST段抬高心肌梗死介入治疗前后心肌内、外膜旋转的研究

目的 应用斑点追踪技术对ST段抬高及非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者介入治疗前后心内膜、心外膜旋转角度峰值变化进行评价,以探讨两种心肌梗死的透壁程度.方法 研究共分3组:A组为20例正常人;B、C组分别为26例ST段抬高及22例非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者.A组及B、C组术前、术后1月分别行常规超声检查后,获取左室心尖部及基底部各3个心动周期的二维图像,最后应用工作站Qlab软件脱机分析,得到心尖、心底及左室心内、外膜旋转角度.结果 无论在心尖部、基底部.还足在左室整体,B、C组术前心内、外膜旋转角度峰值均明显低于A组(P<0.01).介入治疗后1月,仅C组的心尖及左室心外膜旋转角度峰值较术前显著改善(P<0.01).左室心外膜扭转角度峰值与射血分数呈正相关(r=0.63,P<0.05),与室壁运动积分指数呈负相关(r=-0.85,P<0.01).结论 应用斑点追踪技术测定心内、外膜旋转角度峰值能较好地反映ST段抬高及非ST段抬高心肌梗死透壁程度,且与心功能及室壁运动存在一定关系.