5-羟色胺转运体基因多态性与女性围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍的关联研究

目的:研究5-羟色胺(5-HT)转运体基因多态性与女性围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍的关联,以探索此时期抑郁障碍发生的遗传易感基因。方法:通过病例-对照研究设计,纳入63例围绝经期及绝经后期首发抑郁障碍汉族女性患者为病例组,131例围绝经期及绝经后期健康汉族女性为对照组,应用聚合酶链反应—限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法,进行5-HT转运体基因启动子区域(5-HTTLPR)功能三等位多态位点及其第2内含子上的可变数目串联重复序列多态位点Stin2的基因分型。结果:5-HTTLPR功能三等位多态各基因型和等位基因频率分布在病例组及对照组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),LA等位基因和LALA基因型为此时期抑郁障碍患病的危险等位基因和基因型。Stin2位点各基因型和等位基因频率分布在病例组及对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5-HTTLPR与Stin2位点构建的单体型中L12单体型与患病存在关联。结论:5-HTT基因多态性与围绝经期及绝经后期抑郁障碍的发生存在关联。     

绝经后期妇女生活质量和保健现状调查

目的探讨绝经对妇女生活质量的影响,为中老年妇女保健工作提供依据。方法随机选择城乡已绝经妇女1,860名为研究对象,对其生活质量、保健状况进行横断面调查,资料由Epilnfo5．0和SPSS10．0统计软件包处理。结果被调查妇女的平均绝经年龄（48．3±3．8）（35～55）岁,平均绝经年限是（6．5±2．8）（1～10）年。有65．9％的妇女出现绝经后期综合征,改良Kupperman评分13项中以躯体症状（68．5％）、性生活不适（46．2％）、泌尿系症状（31．6％）为主,症状程度与绝经年限有关。采用激素替代疗法、钙剂的妇女仅占15．6％,且用药不规范,时间较短。结论绝经对妇女生活质量有很大影响,绝经后期保健应引起高度重视。     

绝经后肥胖女性骨密度与血管内皮功能的关系研究

目的 探讨绝经后肥胖女性中骨密度(BMD)与血管内皮功能的相关性.方法 选择自然绝经1～5年的单纯肥胖者(体重指数≥25kg/m2),年龄40～55岁,按照双能X线检测结果选择正常骨量组39例,骨量减少组37例和骨质疏松组19例.所有受试者测定体脂、BMD、骨矿含量(BMC)和血管内皮功能,包括血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张(EDD)和硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张.结果 骨质疏松组平均年龄和平均绝经时间显著高于正常骨量组和骨量减少组(P<0.05或P<0.01).骨质疏松组及骨量减少组BMD和BMC均显著低于正常骨量组(P<0.05或P<0.01).骨质疏松组EDD显著低于正常体重组和骨量减少组(分别为5.45±2.99、7.76±3.70和7.32±3.41,均P<0.05).相关分析显示各部位的BMD、BMC均与EDD相关(P<0.05和P<0.01).结论 肥胖女性绝经后骨质疏松与血管内皮功能异常有关,对绝经后肥胖女性低骨量人群干预治疗可能有助于防治动脉硬化及心血管疾病.     

绝经后妇女子宫颈癌前病变的特点分析

目的探讨绝经后妇女子宫颈癌前病变的特点。方法收集2017年6月至2018年11月在郑州大学第一附属医院行阴道镜下活检诊断为子宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变(HSIL)并行子宫颈锥切术的2013例患者的临床病理资料,其中绝经组439例,未绝经组1574例,对两组患者的临床特点、高危型HPV检测、液基薄层细胞学检查(TCT)、阴道镜检查及活检结果、子宫颈锥切术后病理结果等进行对比分析。结果(1)临床特点:绝经组接触性出血的发生率与未绝经组比较无显著差异[分别为4.3%(19/439)、6.4%(101/1574);χ²=2.672,P=0.102]。绝经组有接触性出血症状的患者中锥切术后病理结果为子宫颈癌的比例明显高于未绝经组[分别为10/19、22.8%(23/101);χ²=7.157,P=0.007];绝经组无症状的患者中锥切术后病理结果为子宫颈癌的比例也明显高于未绝经组[分别为9.0%(38/420)、4.3%(63/1473);χ²=14.726,P<0.01]。绝经组子宫颈表面光滑患者的比例明显高于未绝经组[分别为63.6%(279/439)、35.5%(558/1574);χ²=111.601,P<0.01]。(2)高危型HPV检测:绝经组患者高危型HPV阳性率与未绝经组比较无显著差异[分别为92.0%(404/439)、94.4%(1486/1574);χ²=3.394,P=0.065];两组均以HPV 16型阳性率最高[分别为65.8%(289/439)和68.0%(1070/1574)],但两组比较无显著差异(χ²=0.722,P=0.395)。(3)TCT检查:TCT检查结果包括未见上皮内病变或恶性病变(NILM)、未明确诊断意义的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASCUS)、不除外高度病变的不典型鳞状上皮细胞(ASC-H)、低级别鳞状上内病变(LSIL)、HSIL,两组TCT检查结果分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(4)阴道镜检查:与未绝经组比较,绝经组阴道镜检查不充分的比例[分别为32.5%(511/1574)、87.5%(384/439)]、子宫颈Ⅲ型转化区的比例[分别为21.9%(344/1574)、80.0%(351/439)]、行子宫颈管刮取术(ECC)的比例[分别为20.5%(322/1574)、35.3%(155/439)]、ECC阳性率[分别为53.1%(171/322)、67.7%(105/155)]均显著增高(P<0.01);子宫颈病变累及阴道壁的比例也显著增高[分别为1.0%(16/1574)、5.9%(26/439);χ²=40.443,P<0.01],且绝经组患者累及阴道壁的病变的程度与子宫颈病变的程度呈显著正相关(r=0.660,P<0.01)。(5)锥切术后病理升级情况:与未绝经组比较,绝经组患者锥切术后切缘阳性率[分别为4.8%(75/1574)、14.6%(64/439)]、病理升级的比例[分别为5.5%(86/1574)、10.9%(48/439)]均显著增高(P<0.01)。结论绝经后妇女阴道镜检查常不充分,多为Ⅲ型转化区,病变更易累及子宫颈管及阴道壁,临床上应重视子宫颈管的搔刮及阴道壁的全面检查。绝经后妇女的锥切术后切缘阳性率高,锥切术后病理升级的比例高,常需进一步干预。     

Bone mineral density is not related to severity of osteoarthritis in the knee in postmenopausal women

Although some studies have suggested that osteoporosis and osteoarthritis are inversely related in epidemiologic terms, a spectrum of relations between the two diseases has been described in this study. In 95 postmenopausal women (mean age 64.4 ± 8.49 years, range 49–83 years), we investigated the relation between bone mineral density (BMD) in the femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae (L2–L4) and osteoarthritis in the knee. BMD was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoarthritis was evaluated with anterior–posterior weight-bearing radiographs with the knee in extension, and these were graded for severity on a 5-point scale according to the Kellgren–Lawrence criteria. We found no clear statistical relation between BMD in the femoral neck or lumbar vertebrae and osteoarthritis in the knee. Given that some studies have found BMD to be significantly higher in patients with osteoarthritis, the lack of such relation in our patients may be due to environmental and/or genetic factors.     

利维爱对老年绝经后女性血管内皮功能的影响

目的观察利维爱对老年绝经后女性血浆内皮素(ET-1)和一氧化氮(NO)水平的影响。方法选择28例老年绝经后女性,给予利维爱治疗前及治疗1年后分别测定血浆ET-1和NO水平,并与20例绝经前女性做对照。结果老年绝经后女性血浆ET-1水平较绝经前女性明显增高,应用利维爱治疗后ET-1水平较治疗前明显下降,差异均有非常显著性意义(P<0.001);而老年绝经后女性血浆NO水平明显低于绝经前女性,给予利维爱治疗后血浆NO水平较应用前明显增高,差异有非常显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论利维爱通过调节老年绝经后女性血管内皮细胞释放的缩血管及舒血管物质来发挥血管内皮的保护作用。     

Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome

Background.?Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (METS) and its components significantly increase after the menopause. Related increased cardiovascular risk may partially be explained by a pro-inflammatory state.

Objective.?To assess pro-inflammatory cytokine serum levels in postmenopausal women with and without the METS.

Methods.?Serum of 90 postmenopausal women who previously participated in a METS screening programme was analysed for tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Cytokine levels were compared among those with and without the syndrome, and for each of its components. Linear relationships were also assessed between cytokine levels and several continuous variables including each diagnostic METS criteria and menopausal symptoms assessed with the Menopause Specific Quality of Life tool (MENQOL).

Results.?For all studied women mean age was 55.1?±?7.3 years with 63.3% having abdominal obesity, 15.6% hyperglycaemia, 58.9% high triglycerides, 44.4% hypertension and 25.6% high total cholesterol levels. Women with the METS (n?=?45) significantly had higher body mass index values, and higher rates of abdominal obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and lower HDL-C levels. Cytokine levels did not differ among women with or without the METS; however, independent of METS diagnosis those with abdominal obesity displayed significantly higher IL-6 levels and those with hypertension higher levels of both cytokines. Levels of both cytokines positively correlated with age and time since menopause, IL-6 positively correlating with waist circumference values and TNF-α positively with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels. A significant positive correlation was also found between the number of positive METS criteria (0–5) and both cytokine levels. Cytokine levels did not correlate with vasomotor and psycho-social MENQOL scores.

Conclusion.?Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in this postmenopausal series positively correlated with age, time since the menopause, abdominal circumference, blood pressures levels and the number of positive METS diagnostic criteria. There is a need for more research in this regard.     

Menopausal Symptoms and Sleep Quality During Menopausal Transition and Postmenopause

Background:

Menopausal symptoms and sleep difficulty were physiological processes that were affected by genetic and other factors. This study was to investigate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms and sleep quality in menopausal transition (MT) and postmenopause (PM) women in Taiyuan, Shanxi.

Methods:

A community-based survey of women''s menopausal symptoms and sleep quality was conducted between July 2012 and May 2013 at six municipal districts of Taiyuan, Shanxi. A sample of 2429 women aged 40–59 years was divided into four groups: early MT, late MT, early PM, and late PM. Sleep quality in the past 2 weeks before the interview was recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0.

Results:

The prevalence of menopausal symptoms was 49.8%. Mild, moderate, and severe symptoms were observed in 28.9%, 18.5%, and 2.5% of participants, respectively. The highest prevalence of menopausal symptoms occurred in the early postmenopausal stage; the subsequences were the late postmenopausal stage and the early MT stage. Interestingly, among the 13 items of modified Kupperman index, the five most common symptoms were fatigue, arthralgia and myalgia, decreased libido, insomnia, and nervousness. Meanwhile, 55% perimenopausal women had poor sleep.

Conclusions:

Menopausal symptoms are common but mild among women in Taiyuan, Shanxi during MT and PM. In these stages, the prevalence of poor sleep is high.     

Turkish women's level of knowledge on and attitude toward sexual health

OBJECTIVE: Sexuality is a basic human function that can affect general well-being and overall life quality. The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge on and attitude toward sexuality of a subgroup of Turkish women. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey including 1007 women was carried out concurrently in gynecology and urology outpatient clinics of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey, between January 2003 and December 2003. A self-created questionnaire for data collection was administered to the participants, which addressed questions concerning their sexual life, sexual problems and attitudes towards sexuality. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used for the data analysis of the study (SPSS ver. 11.0 Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The data included 1007 patients aged 14-77 (mean: 35.6 +/- 11.1). Among the women assessed, 90.2% were married, 79.8% were premenopausal and 77.1% were currently sexually active. 68.7% entered sexual intercourse 1-2 times per week, while 28.5% had an average of 3-4. 77.8% were aware of experiencing an orgasm and 74.7% had at least one orgasm. Only 21.4% of all women had an orgasm during each sexual intercourse. 2.2% of those who had never experienced an orgasm concurrently applied to a medical center. The average age of first intercourse was 21.3 +/- 4.1 years. CONCLUSIONS: Because there is no national data on sexual health in Turkey, analysis and evaluation of the severity of the problem, and alternatives for international comparisons are not possible. In our opinion, this study presents a valuable perception into the current sexual behavior of Turkish women.