Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the brains of Friesian calves with GM1 gangliosidosis

Summary A no-reflow phenomenon was observed in cats immediately after cerebral ischemia. When ischemia was followed by a normal recirculation of 1 hr duration, only minor perfusion defects and no intracranial hypertension was observed. If, however, ischemia was preceded by moderate hypoxia for several hours, extreme postischemic hyperemia was necessary to prevent the development of intracranial hypertension and a no-reflow phenomenon. Electron microscopic investigation revealed that capillary obstruction did not develop within the first hour after ischemia. Thus the no-reflow is not related to capillary lesions. The results support the view that the no-reflow phenomenon is produced by blood aggregates which obstruct vessels. This phenomenon is to some extent reversible. If, however, a slow-down of blood flow is induced by intracranial hypertension based on postischemic brain edema, the no-reflow is enhanced. There was no indication that arterial hypertension increases brain edema after ischemia.     

复方苦参汤加减熏洗合毫米波局部照射在痔术后应用的临床观察

目的探讨复方苦参汤加减熏洗合毫米波局部照射在痔术后水肿的临床疗效。方法 60例痔术后水肿患者随机分为观察组、对照组各30例,其中观察组先用复方苦参汤加减熏洗15min后,再用毫米波治疗仪局部照射肛门,对照组使用肤痔清软膏,观察两组的水肿消退情况及创口愈合时间。结果观察组明显优于对照组。结论复方苦参汤加减熏洗合毫米波局部照射对痔术后水肿的消退及创口的愈合有明显疗效。     

Implanted subdural electrodes: safety issues and complication avoidance

Invasive electroencephalography via subdural implanted electrodes is essential for the identification and localization of the epileptogenic focus in a large percentage of cases of medically refractory epilepsy. The implantation of subdural electrodes constitutes a widely used method for the preoperative investigation of these patients. However, their implantation has been associated with the occurrence of some rare but potentially serious complications. This article systematically reviews the literature regarding safety issues, potential complications, and complication avoidance strategies associated with the implantation of subdural electrodes. Knowledge of all the reported complications may help in their early detection and their prompt management.     

四肢中重度水肿患者皮肤试敏部位的改进研究

目的 对四肢中度或重度水肿患者皮肤试敏的部位进行改进.方法 将100例四肢中度或重度水肿需要实施皮肤试敏的患者随机分为研究组50例、观察组50例,研究组在双侧锁骨中点与胸骨纵轴连线所形成的三角区域进行皮肤试敏,观察组常规在前臂掌侧下1/3进行皮肤试敏.结果 出现试敏结果难以判断的研究组6.0％ (3/50)、观察组40.0％ (20/50),需要重复试敏的研究组4.0％ (2/50)、观察组20.0％ (10/50),试敏后使用药物治疗发生过敏反应的研究组2.0％ (1/50)、观察组6.0％ (3/50),两组出现试敏结果难以判断P＜0.01、需重复试敏P＜0.05,比较有显著意义,而药物过敏反应的比较无显著意义P＞0.05.结论对四肢中度或重度水肿患者在双侧锁骨中点与胸骨纵轴连线所形成的三角区域进行皮肤试敏,避免了重复试敏、增加患者痛苦和护理工作量,对降低护理技术风险、保障安全用药有重要意义.     

Lower extremity edema and pulmonary hypertension in morbidly obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea

Introduction  In 70 consecutive male patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosed at the Northport VA Medical Center Sleep Disorders Center, we have characterized the association between obesity, OSA, and pulmonary hypertension (PH). Materials and methods  By including anthropometric, pulmonary function, and sleep study parameters in a multivariate logistic regression model, we found that a BMI of >40 kg/m² and the minimum oxygen saturation in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep predicted the presence of pretibial edema in this sleep apnea population. We then characterized the hemodynamics of those OSA patients that had lower extremity edema. Twenty-nine of the 70 consecutive patients with sleep apnea (41%) had pretibial edema, and right heart catheterization data was obtained for 28 (97%) of these patients. Results and discussion  Ninety-three percent (26/28) of the patients had right heart failure (mean RAP > 5 mm Hg; RAP range = 0–32 mmHg) and PH (PA mean ≥ 20 mm Hg) was present in 86% (24/28.) The OSA patients with lower extremity edema had an increased cardiac output (7.0 + 1.4 l/min) with a normal cardiac index (2.9 + 0.5 l/min/m²) in the setting of an elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP 17 ± 7 mmHg) and a normal pulmonary vascular resistance (122 + 70 dynes s cm⁻⁵). While PCWP, FEV₁% predicted, and the minimum oxygen saturation in NREM sleep all independently predicted PH, PCWP was the most important predictor of PH. Conclusion  We conclude that pulmonary hypertension is commonly seen in patients with OSA with pretibial edema and that pretibial edema is a highly specific sign of PH in OSA patients. Pulmonary hypertension appears to result from an elevated back pressure and diastolic dysfunction with contributions from lung function and nocturnal oxygen saturation.     

Towards an acoustic model-based poroelastic imaging method: II. experimental investigation

Soft biological tissue contains mobile fluid. The volume fraction of this fluid and the ease with which it may be displaced through the tissue could be of diagnostic significance and may also have consequences for the validity with which strain images can be interpreted according to the traditional idealizations of elastography. In a previous paper, under the assumption of frictionless boundary conditions, the spatio-temporal behavior of the strain field inside a compressed cylindrical poroelastic sample was predicted (Berry et al. 2006). In this current paper, experimental evidence is provided to confirm these predictions. Finite element modeling was first used to extend the previous predictions to allow for the existence of contact friction between the sample and the compressor plates. Elastographic techniques were then applied to image the time-evolution of the strain inside cylindrical samples of tofu (a suitable poroelastic material) during sustained unconfined compression. The observed experimental strain behavior was found to be consistent with the theoretical predictions. In particular, every sample studied confirmed that reduced values of radial strain advance with time from the curved cylindrical surface inwards towards the axis of symmetry. Furthermore, by fitting the predictions of an analytical model to a time sequence of strain images, parametric images of two quantities, each related to one or more of three poroelastic material constants were produced. The two parametric images depicted the Poisson's ratio (nu(s)) of the solid matrix and the product of the aggregate modulus (H(A)) of the solid matrix with the permeability (k) of the solid matrix to the pore fluid. The means of the pixel values in these images, nu(s) = 0.088 (standard deviation 0.023) and H(A)k = 1.449 (standard deviation 0.269) x 10(-7) m(2) s(-1), were in agreement with values derived from previously published data for tofu (Righetti et al. 2005). The results provide the first experimental detection of the fluid-flow-induced characteristic diffusion-like behavior of the strain in a compressed poroelastic material and allow parameters related to the above material constants to be determined. We conclude that it may eventually be possible to use strain data to detect and measure characteristics of diffusely distributed mobile fluid in tissue spaces that are too small to be imaged directly.     

Pulmonary gas exchange does not worsen during repeat exercise in women

The purposes were to determine (1) if repeat exercise worsens pulmonary gas exchange in women, and, (2) if the level of pulmonary edema obtained in these same women is related to the gas exchange impairment during exercise. Fourteen women (27 +/- 4 yrs; maximal oxygen uptake = 3.12 +/- 0.42 L/min) with minimal arterial PO2 (PaO2) ranging from 76 to 104 mmHg with a maximal alveolar-arterial PO2 difference (AaDO2) ranging from 7 to 35 mmHg performed three bouts of near-maximal exercise on a cycle ergometer (236 +/- 27 W) for 5 min each with 10 min of rest between sets. Cardiorespiratory parameters and oxygenation were measured at rest, throughout exercise and recovery. Chest radiographs were obtained before and 30 min after the interval training session (see Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 153 (2006) 181-190). Repeat exercise did not affect pulmonary gas exchange between sets 1 and 3 (change in PaO2 = 3 +/- 2 mmHg; change in AaDO2 = 1 +/- 2 mmHg P > 0.05). Arterial PCO2 decreased by 4 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.05) between sets 1 and 2, which did not reduce further in set 3. The level of PaO2 or AaDO2 was not related to the change in edema score or the post-exercise edema score (P > 0.05). In conclusion, pulmonary gas exchange is not worsened in women during interval training despite the mild edema triggered by exercise.     

Vascular permeability—the essentials

Abstract

The vasculature, composed of vessels of different morphology and function, distributes blood to all tissues and maintains physiological tissue homeostasis. In pathologies, the vasculature is often affected by, and engaged in, the disease process. This may result in excessive formation of new, unstable, and hyperpermeable vessels with poor blood flow, which further promotes hypoxia and disease propagation. Chronic vessel permeability may also facilitate metastatic spread of cancer. Thus, there is a strong incentive to learn more about an important aspect of vessel biology in health and disease: the regulation of vessel permeability. The current review aims to summarize current insights into different mechanisms of vascular permeability, its regulatory factors, and the consequences for disease.     

地奥司明治疗深Ⅱ度烧伤后早期水肿的疗效分析

目的观察地奥司明对深Ⅱ度烧伤患者早期水肿的临床疗效。方法选择深Ⅱ度烧伤后的早期水肿患者60例,创面主要位于四肢,面积10-30%,随机分为两组,对照组给予常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗基础上给予地奥司明口服治疗。评估患者治疗前后的肢体肿胀及疼痛程度,并观察药物不良反应、患者创面的愈合时间及创面瘢痕增生情况。结果两组患者治疗前创伤肢体周径、疼痛评分比较无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,治疗后创伤肢体肿胀、疼痛程度较治疗前均有所降低,且与对照组相比,治疗组肢体周径、疼痛评分下降更为显著,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组患者的创面愈合时间比较,治疗组较对照组显著缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。治疗组瘢痕指数较对照组明显降低,愈合情况好转（P〈0.05）。结论地奥司明能够减轻烧伤创面水肿的发生及水肿对组织的破坏,维护内环境稳定,加速创面的修复再生,减少瘢痕形成。