Effects of major adipokines and the −420 C > G resistin gene polymorphism on the long-term outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke

Abstract

Aim: The association between adiponectin, leptin, and resistin and the long-term outcome of ischemic stroke are controversial. We aimed to evaluate this relationship.

Methods: We prospectively studied 83 patients consecutively hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke (38.6% males, age 79.7?±?6.3?years). Serum adiponectin, leptin, and resistin levels and the ?420C?>?G polymorphism of the resistin gene were determined at admission. Stroke severity at admission was evaluated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). One year after discharge, functional status, incidence of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality were recorded. Functional status was evaluated with the modified Rankin scale (mRS).

Results: Patients with the G allele had lower mRS (p?<?.05) and patients with adverse outcome had higher serum resistin levels (p?<?.05). The only independent predictor of adverse outcome was mRS at discharge (risk ratio (RR) 2.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.54–5.00; p?<?.001). Higher adiponectin levels were an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity (RR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.14; p?<?.05). Patients who died had higher serum adiponectin levels than those who survived (p?<?.05). The only independent predictor of all-cause mortality was NIHSS at admission (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.35; p?<?.01).

Conclusions: In patients with acute ischemic stroke, the G allele of the ?420C?>?G polymorphism of the resistin gene promoter is more frequent in those with a more favorable functional outcome at one year after discharge. Patients with higher serum resistin levels appear to have worse long-term functional outcome, while higher serum adiponectin levels are associated with higher incidence of cardiovascular events.     

The Associations of Body Image Perception with Serum Resistin Levels in Highly Trained Adolescent Estonian Rhythmic Gymnasts

Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body mass and shape compared to untrained controls (UCs). However, due to the lack of information, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body image perception (BIP) with body composition, daily energy consumption and different blood biochemical markers in adolescent RGs compared to UCs. Thirty-three highly trained RG girls and 20 UC girls aged 14–18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Height, body mass, body composition, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, training volume and different blood biochemical markers were measured. The body attitude test (BAT) was used to evaluate the BIP of the participants. There were no differences in the total BAT scores between the groups. In RGs, the BAT score correlated positively with the serum resistin level (r = 0.35; p = 0.047). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variability in the BAT score was determined by resistin and BMI. The association of BIP with resistin values was observed only in RGs. In conclusion, our findings add to the increasing evidence that resistin may be a link between BIP and body composition, most likely through fat mass, in adolescent female RGs.     

有氧锻炼结合饮食控制减体重对肥胖者血抵抗素及心血管疾病危险因素的影响

目的:观察通过运动锻炼和饮食控制减体重,对肥胖者血抵抗素及心血管疾病危险因素的影响。方法:对44名肥胖者采取6周封闭管理形式集中减肥,严格控制饮食,进行运动训练。减重前后采用酶联免疫法测定空腹血抵抗素,同时测定血胰岛素、血脂、血糖等指标。在减体重过程中,受试者每2周测定一次体重、腰臀围比、体成分和血压等。结果:通过6周减体重,肥胖者血清抵抗素水平明显降低,多元线性回归分析显示,减重前后心率的差值成为影响减重前后抵抗素水平差值的重要因素。减重后,受试者腰围、臀围、腰臀围比、体脂含量及百分比、静息血压较减重前显著降低(P<0.001);血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、胰岛素及胰岛素抵抗指数等心血管疾病危险因素相关指标较减重前亦明显下降(P<0.001)。结论:采取运动锻炼结合饮食控制的方法减轻肥胖者体重,可有效降低其血抵抗素水平及心血管系统疾病的危险因素。     

慢性肾病患者血清抵抗素与其炎症反应的关系

目的研究慢性肾病(CKD)患者血清抵抗素与其炎症反应的关系。方法选取57例CKD患者,23例性别和年龄相匹配的健康者作为对照组。双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定血清抵抗素,同时测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、血清肌酐(Cr)、血白细胞(WBC)等指标,并作相关性分析。结果CKD患者血浆抵抗素水平较对照组明显高(P<0.01),同时CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、WBC也较对照组明显升高;抵抗素与CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、WBC呈显著正相关。结论CKD患者抵抗素水平明显升高,可能与CKD患者的炎症反应有关。     

Circulating resistin concentrations in children depend on renal function.

BACKGROUND: Resistin is a newly discovered peptide hormone that inhibits adipogenesis. Furthermore, it may be involved in regulative processes taking place in insulin resistance and inflammation. In human beings as well as in rodents, the exact physiological role of resistin is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine whether resistin serum concentrations in childhood are regulated by renal function. METHODS: Fifteen patients with end stage renal disease treated by haemodialysis (HD) (6m, 9f; age (median (25-75% percentile)) 16.1 (14.2-16.9) years; body mass index (BMI) 17.8 (17.6-20.6) kg/m2; glomerular filtration rate (GFR)<10 ml/min/1.73 m2), 11 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (4m, 7f; age 11.3 (9.2-16.9) years; BMI 17.9 (15.4-22.1) kg/m2; GFR 21.2 (19.8-39.4) ml/min/1.73 m2) and 23 healthy children (13m, 10f; age 7.8 (4.7-14.5) years; BMI 16.5 (14.9-18.1) kg/m2; GFR 168.5 (154.0-197.2) ml/min/1.73 m2) were included. Resistin concentration in serum was measured by ELISA, leptin by RIA. RESULTS: Resistin concentrations were significantly elevated in HD (6.6 (5.7-8.7) ng/ml) and CRF (4.8 (4.1-6.2) ng/ml) compared to healthy controls [2.7 (2.0-3.6) ng/ml; P<0.0001 by multiple regression analysis]. Furthermore, resistin concentrations showed a tendency to be higher in children below the age of 5.5 years (youngest tertile) and above 12.5 years of age (oldest tertile), compared to children aged between 5.5 and 12.5 years (P=0.053 and P=0.043, respectively). Gender (P=0.686) and BMI (P =0.663) did not have a significant influence on resistin concentrations. Resistin and leptin serum concentrations correlated in HD patients only (r=0.62, P=0.013 by Spearman correlation). Haemodialysis did not eliminate resistin. CONCLUSIONS: With decreasing renal function, resistin concentration in serum increases in our small paediatric cohort. Age possibly influences circulating resistin concentration. The hypothesis that elevated serum resistin in children with chronic renal failure or end stage renal disease may add to malnutrition and reduced BMI needs further investigation and is not supported by our data.     

Effects of central administration of resistin on renal sympathetic nerve activity in rats fed a high‐fat diet: a comparison with leptin

Similar to leptin, resistin acts centrally to increase renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA). In high‐fat fed animals, the sympatho‐excitatory effects of leptin are retained, in contrast to the reduced actions of leptin on dietary intake. In the present study, we investigated whether the sympatho‐excitatory actions of resistin were influenced by a high‐fat diet. Further, because resistin and leptin combined can induce a greater sympatho‐excitatory response than each alone in rats fed a normal chow diet, we investigated whether a high‐fat diet (22%) could influence this centrally‐mediated interaction. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and RSNA were recorded before and for 3 hours after i.c.v. saline (control; n=5), leptin (7 μg; n=4), resistin (7 μg; n=5) and leptin and resistin combined (n=6). Leptin alone and resistin alone significantly increased RSNA (71±16%, 62±4%, respectively). When leptin and resistin were combined, there was a significantly greater increase in RSNA (195±41%) compared to either hormone alone. MAP and HR responses were not significantly different between hormones. When the responses in high‐fat fed rats were compared to normal chow fed rats, there were no significant differences in the maximum RSNA responses. The findings indicate that sympatho‐excitatory effects of resistin on RSNA are not altered by high‐fat feeding, including the greater increase in RSNA observed when resistin and leptin are combined. Our results suggest that diets rich in fat do not induce resistance to the increase in RSNA induced by resistin alone or in combination with leptin.