我国西南地区居民饮食误区现况调查

目的 了解西南地区居民饮食误区的现况及其影响因素，为促进居民对饮食误区的正确认知及针对性营养宣教提供参考。方法 采用方便抽样法进行调查，抽取西南地区（重庆、四川、云南、贵州）7 945名居民，面对面问卷调查。结果 48.31%居民了解补钙的最佳食物，仅有21.65%的居民了解补铁食物，有77.10%的居民不赞同“吃野生动物更有营养”，居民对“素食比荤素搭配更有益”、“红色食物补血”的态度持赞同的分别为45.28%、26.86%。有50.80%的居民赞同“食物相生相克”。不同性别、年龄、地区、职业、教育程度、收入、BMI的居民对饮食误区有差异，且差异有统计学意义，P＜0.001；回归分析显示:女性（OR = 0.87，95%CI:0.83～0.90）、城市居民（OR = 0.90，95%CI:0.86～0.94）、学生（OR = 0.74，95%CI:0.68～0.82）及白领（OR = 0.80，95%CI:0.74～0.86）、高教育程度（OR = 0.75，95%CI:0.70～0.80）、高收入（OR = 0.90，95%CI:0.85～0.96）的居民是对饮食误区认知的保护因素，超重（OR = 1.05，95%CI:1.00～1.11）、肥胖（OR = 1.10，95%CI:1.01～1.20）的居民对饮食误区认知是危险因素。结论 我国西南地区居民普遍存在饮食误区，对补铁、补钙食物来源的认知不够，大部分居民存在以下误区:“食物相生相克”、“红色食物补血”、“素食比荤素搭配更有益”。在进行营养健康宣教时应加强对男性、年龄偏大、农村地区、少数民族、教育程度较低、工人、低收入、BMI 不正常的居民进行营养知识科普，着重宣传补铁、补钙的途径，提高营养知识知晓率，纠正饮食文化误区，促进慢性疾病的预防。     

The screen for cognitive impairment in psychiatry (SCIP) is associated with disease severity and cognitive complaints in major depression

Objective: To assess the relationship between the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) score and illness severity, subjective cognition and functioning in a cohort of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients.

Methods: Patients (n?=?40) diagnosed with MDD (DSM-IV-TR) completed the SCIP, a brief neuropsychological test, and a battery of self-administered questionnaires evaluating functioning (GAF, SDS, WHODAS 2.0, EDEC, PDQ-D5). Disease severity was evaluated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI).

Results: Age and sex were associated with performance in the SCIP. The SCIP-Global index score was associated with disease severity (r?=??0.316, p?<?.05), the SDS, a patient self-assessment of daily functioning (r?=??0.368, p?<?.05), and the EDEC subscales of patient-reported cognitive deficits (r?=??0.388, p?<?.05) and their functional impacts (r?=??0.335, p?<?.05). Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex confirmed these tests are independent predictors of performance in the SCIP (CGI-S, F_[3,34]?=?4.478, p?=?.009; SDS, F_[3,34]?=?3.365, p?=?.030; EDEC-perceived cognitive deficits, F_[3,34]?=?5.216, p?=?.005; EDEC-perceived impacts of functional impairment, F_[3,34]?=?5.154, p?=?.005).

Conclusions: This study confirms that the SCIP can be used during routine clinical evaluation of MDD, and that cognitive deficits objectively assessed in the SCIP are associated with disease severity and self-reported cognitive dysfunction and impairment in daily life.     

Cognition of the mothers of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has been found to be associated with cognitive impairment. However, few studies have addressed cognitive impairment among mothers of children with DMD. In the present study, the neuropsychological profiles of both carrier mothers (C-Ms) and noncarrier mothers (NC-Ms) were examined, and the findings were compared with healthy control mothers (HC-Ms). There were 90 participants, consisting of 31 C-Ms, 24 NC-Ms, and 35 HC-Ms, each of whom completed a neuropsychological test battery. C-Ms had poorer cognition performance in attention, working memory, immediate verbal memory, visuospatial skills, and executive functions than NC-Ms, and HC-Ms. This study provides evidence that there may be cognitive impairment in mothers of patients with DMD. The cognitive impairment of C-Ms has similarities to that seen in children with DMD.     

胃溃疡患者的循证护理要点及护理效果评价

目的探讨胃溃疡患者实施循证护理的要点及护理效果。方法2017年1月-2018年12月对消化内科80例胃溃疡患者实施研究,按随机数表法分组:常规组(n=40)和循证组(n=40),对常规组患者实施常规护理,对循证组进行循证护理,分析护理过程对患者认知状况、生活质量、依从性、病情恢复状况的影响。结果循证组护理后认知评分、生活质量评分与常规组组间对比更高(P<0.05)。循证组依从性高于常规组(P<0.05)。循证组病情恢复优良率高于常规组(P<0.05)。结论对胃溃疡患者实施循证护理可改善患者认知及依从性,提升患者康复效果及生存质量。     

基于氧化应激探究PCI损伤及中医药防治进展

我国心血管疾病的患病率及死亡率仍处于上升阶段,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是目前减少冠心病患者冠状动脉狭窄及闭塞和改善临床症状的最有效策略。临床上,存在很大一部分患者在大血管再通后,仍存在心痛症状。在PCI围术期常伴随着氧化应激、炎症、钙超载、内皮功能损害、血栓阻塞等不良事件,氧化应激在这个过程中扮演着重要角色。在PCI的再灌注时期,活性氧(ROS)的爆发可引发线粒体能量传递链异常和细胞离子稳态失衡,造成血管内皮细胞损伤,血管通透性增高,白蛋白漏出,白细胞和血小板黏附,血管狭窄。传统中医将PCI术后再狭窄纳入"胸痹"等范畴,气血的运行与五脏的功能密切相关,当气血运行不畅,心脏的生血、行血的功能受阻,造成气虚血瘀,从而造成机体虚损。目前,普罗布考和替格瑞洛等临床一线用药,具有一定的局限性,且忽略了"本虚邪实"的机体现状,无法协调机体气血阴阳五脏之间的关系。本研究从氧化应激在PCI损伤的现代医学分子研究出发,结合中医认识,总结中医药防治的研究进展,旨在为冠状动脉介入损伤的治疗提供候选药物及为相关实验研究提供参考。     

Sleep deprivation‐induced impairment of memory consolidation is not mediated by glucocorticoid stress hormones

The general consensus is that sleep promotes neuronal recovery and plasticity, whereas sleep deprivation (SD) impairs brain function, including cognitive processes. Indeed, a wealth of data has shown a negative impact of SD on learning and memory processes, particularly those that involve the hippocampus. The mechanisms underlying these negative effects of sleep loss are only partly understood, but a reoccurring question is whether they are in part caused by stress hormones that may be released during SD. The purpose of the present study is therefore to examine the role of glucocorticoid stress hormones in SD‐induced memory impairment. Male C57BL/6J mice were trained in an object‐location memory paradigm, followed by 6 hr of SD by mild stimulation. At the beginning of the SD mice were injected with the corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Memory was tested 24 hr after training. Blood samples taken in a separate group of mice showed that SD resulted in a mild but significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels, which was prevented by metyrapone. However, the SD‐induced impairment in object‐location memory was not prevented by metyrapone treatment. This indicates that glucocorticoids play no role in causing the memory impairments seen after a short period of SD.     

Éléments de validation du Protocole d’Évaluation de la Cognition Sociale de Bordeaux (PECS-B) en population générale et dans la schizophrénie

ObjectivesIn recent years, social cognition has received growing interest in the international psychiatric and neurologic literature. Social cognition impairments are described in many different conditions and are associated with a poor functional outcome. Consequently, an accurate and valid assessment of social cognition abilities is necessary in clinical practice, so as to better understand individual functioning and define corresponding therapeutic interventions. The aim of the present study was to provide further elements of validation to the Bordeaux Social Cognition Assessment Protocol (Protocole d’Evaluation de la Cognition Sociale de Bordeaux: PECS-B) in the general population and in one with schizophrenia.MethodsA total of 131 healthy controls and 101 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders between 18 and 60 years old were included. Sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, education level, sex), social cognition (i.e., emotional fluency, facial emotion recognition, theory of mind, emotional awareness and alexithymia with the PECS-B), neurocognition (i.e., processing speed, episodic verbal memory, short-term memory, working memory, selective and sustained attention, spontaneous and reactive flexibility), anxiety and depressive mood were assessed in both samples.ResultsResults show a good discriminative power for the PECS-B within the same population. Only “Attribution of Intention” and “Faux-Pas” tasks show ceiling effects in both samples. Structural validity is satisfactory in the general population sample and suggests that the social cognition structure consists of four factors: facial emotion recognition (1), emotional lexicon (2), explicit processing of sophisticated emotional information (3) and theory of mind (4). Structure validity is also satisfactory in the schizophrenia sample, after removal of the variable “Emotional fluency-Percentage of sophisticated words”. In this case, the social cognition structure consists of two factors: general social cognition (1) and explicit processing of sophisticated emotional information (2). Results show a good divergent validity in both populations, between close constructs such as neurocognition and anxiety/depression. Nevertheless, correlations between social cognition and neurocognition are more frequent in the schizophrenia sample. Internal consistency is satisfying in both samples. Finally, results reveal some effects of sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, education level and sex) both in the general population and schizophrenia samples. Norms are also presented for adults aged between 18 and 60.ConclusionStructural validity, divergent validity and internal consistency of the PECS-B are satisfactory in the general population and the schizophrenia one. The PECS-B presents with good psychometric qualities that permit its use for the assessment of adults’ social cognition in clinical practice as much as research.     

Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Gait in Parkinson's Disease With Cholinergic and Dopaminergic Therapy

Degradation of striatal dopamine in Parkinson's disease (PD) may initially be supplemented by increased cognitive control mediated by cholinergic mechanisms. Shift to cognitive control of walking can be quantified by prefrontal cortex activation. Levodopa improves certain aspects of gait and worsens others, and cholinergic augmentation influence on gait and prefrontal cortex activity remains unclear. This study examined dopaminergic and cholinergic influence on gait and prefrontal cortex activity while walking in PD. A single-site, randomized, double-blind crossover trial examined effects of levodopa and donepezil in PD. Twenty PD participants were randomized, and 19 completed the trial. Participants were randomized to either levodopa + donepezil (5 mg) or levodopa + placebo treatments, with 2 weeks with treatment and a 2-week washout. The primary outcome was change in prefrontal cortex activity while walking, and secondary outcomes were change in gait and dual-task performance and attention. Levodopa decreased prefrontal cortex activity compared with off medication (effect size, −0.51), whereas the addition of donepezil reversed this decrease. Gait speed and stride length under single- and dual-task conditions improved with combined donepezil and levodopa compared with off medication (effect size, 1 for gait speed and 0.75 for stride length). Dual-task reaction time was quicker with levodopa compared with off medication (effect size, −0.87), and accuracy improved with combined donepezil and levodopa (effect size, 0.47). Cholinergic therapy, specifically donepezil 5 mg/day for 2 weeks, can alter prefrontal cortex activity when walking and improve secondary cognitive task accuracy and gait in PD. Further studies will investigate whether higher prefrontal cortex activity while walking is associated with gait changes. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society