New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616�C1619

In the years before English settlers established the Plymouth colony (1616–1619), most Native Americans living on the southeastern coast of present-day Massachusetts died from a mysterious disease. Classic explanations have included yellow fever, smallpox, and plague. Chickenpox and trichinosis are among more recent proposals. We suggest an additional candidate: leptospirosis complicated by Weil syndrome. Rodent reservoirs from European ships infected indigenous reservoirs and contaminated land and fresh water. Local ecology and high-risk quotidian practices of the native population favored exposure and were not shared by Europeans. Reduction of the population may have been incremental, episodic, and continuous; local customs continuously exposed this population to hyperendemic leptospiral infection over months or years, and only a fraction survived. Previous proposals do not adequately account for signature signs (epistaxis, jaundice) and do not consider customs that may have been instrumental to the near annihilation of Native Americans, which facilitated successful colonization of the Massachusetts Bay area.     

平均分布细胞进行鼠疫杂交瘤株克隆化的实验研究

目的 探讨在建立了分泌抗鼠疫F1抗原的单克隆抗体杂交瘤株后,对其进行克隆化的实验方法. 方法 对我课题组融合成功的5株杂交瘤株,采用初步计数后取约100个细胞,平均分布于96孔细胞培养板进行克隆化,用间接ELISA法检测培养孔上清的抗体.结果 用该方法进行克隆化,在96孔板中单克隆生长孔平均为26孔、多克隆为15孔,在1～2次克隆后,上清抗体检测均达到100%,与有限稀释法无差异. 结论 采用计数100个细胞进行克隆化的方法是可行的.     

宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地耶尔森氏菌分布调查

目的 查明在宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地是否存在其他2种致病性的耶尔森氏菌分布。方法 将疫源地捕获的啮齿动物取其舌、肠系膜淋巴结、盲肠末端及肠内容物放入PBS缓冲液中，在4℃条件下冷增菌3周，接着经KOH溶液处理后，涂布在IN、VYE培养基上，28℃培养24h。最后在培养基挑选可疑菌落做菌株的鉴定。结果 未检出假结核菌，但检出致病性小肠结肠炎菌65株。结论 在宁夏鼠疫自然疫源地存在致病性的小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌分布。     

人间鼠疫间隔31年后首例腺鼠疫的确诊及流行病学

1955年控制了云南省人间鼠疫,间隔31年后,于1986年7月在云南省盈江县发生了1例腺鼠疫续发败血症鼠疫,从患者血液及腹股沟淋巴腺穿刺液中检出鼠疫菌,从患者恢复期血清中检出鼠疫 F1抗体;从当地鼠、蚤中检出鼠疫菌18株。经鼠疫动物病流行调查分析认为:人间鼠疫的发生来源于当地的鼠间鼠疫、而鼠间鼠疫则来源于居民区潜在的疫源、防治对策宜采取灭鼠、蚤并重,防、灭鼠兼施的综合性防治措施。     

预测黄鼠鼠疫动物病流行动态的两个数学模型

本文利用多元统计分析中的多元回归分析、多组判别分析方法,给出预测黄鼠鼠疫动物病流行动态的两个数学模型,其拟合率为100%。     

新疆阿拉套山发现鼠疫自然疫源地

目的查清阿拉套山是否存在鼠疫自然疫源地,以及相关的动物和昆虫区系.方法应用流行病学、医学动物昆虫学、血清学和细菌学等方法.结果调查区内共采集啮齿动物10种,优势动物为灰旱獭(Marmota baibacina),次为长尾黄鼠(Citellus undulatus)与灰旱獭在同一生境;灰旱獭定点观察密度为2.5～5.5只/hm2;旱獭路线密度最高2.36只/hm2,最低仅为0.01只/hm2.旱獭洞干蚤染蚤率0.36%、灰旱獭体蚤染蚤率为6.2%.采集小型鼠类的蚤类18种,蜱2种,虱1种.灰旱獭体蚤主要为谢氏山蚤和似升额蚤及草原硬蜱.检查鼠类血清标本180份,其中灰旱獭阳性血清2份;牧狗血清114份,阳性1份.从自毙旱獭中,分离出4株鼠疫菌.结论首次判定新疆阿拉套山存在鼠疫自然疫源地.     

FI 抗原应用于腺鼠疫患者临床早期诊断的研究

为解决鼠疫 FI—Ag 的定量检测,本文首先建立了 ELISA 检测系统,该系统灵敏度为3—8ng/ml,并有较高的精密度和准确度,特异性强,与 RPHA 呈现良好的相关性。在此基础上,本文重点研究了链霉素治疗前后鼠疫实验感染动物腺肿液 FI—Ag 的出现、含量、维持时间等。研究结果表明,腺肿FI—Ag 比血清 FI—Ab 产生早(3—4天)而充分(阳检率达100%)。经链霉素治疗,腺肿液细菌培养阳性率仅为28%。而 FI—Ag 仍有80%以上的阳性。因此,通过腺肿液 FI—Ag 的检测途径,为腺鼠疫患者的诊断可达早、快、准、敏的目的。本文还对检测腺肿 FI—Ag、血清抗体以及细菌分离之间的关系进行了讨论。     

鼠疫FI单克隆抗体杂交瘤株的建立

先后两次分别用鼠疫EV活菌和FI抗原免疫BALB/C小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0瘤细胞混合,大容量40％PEG处理后离心法杂交,用IHA和PPA-ELISA检测McAb,建立了21株分泌抗鼠疫FI抗原的McAb的杂交瘤株,初步鉴定了其中5株。观测了1株杂交瘤分泌的McAb用于RIHA的特异性和敏感性。     

云南省思茅市1995年鼠间鼠疫流行病学调查

云南省思茅市在鼠疫静息５８年后，于１９９５年６月再次发生鼠间鼠疫暴发流行，血清学检查诊断腺鼠疫患者１例；分离到鼠疫菌３７株，其中黄胸鼠２９株，大足鼠１株，印鼠管蚤７株。该地家鼠密度与印鼠客蚤指数增高保存了本次动物鼠疫病的暴发流行。     

An attempt to develop a detection method specific for virulent duck plague virus strains based on the UL2 gene B fragment

A comparison of the unique long region 2 (UL2) gene sequences between 10 virulent and 11 attenuated duck plague virus (DPV) strains (including all DPV UL2 gene sequences registered in GenBank) showed that the UL2 genes in the attenuated DPV strains had a 528?bp deletion in the B fragment. Primers were designed based on the B fragment sequence of the UL2 gene in an attempt to establish a fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a conventional PCR detection method that could specifically detect virulent DPV strains (i.e. positive detection for virulent DPV strains and negative detection for attenuated DPV strains). Additionally, PCR products were cloned for sequence analysis. These two methods detected five attenuated DPV strains in addition to the virulent DPV strains. Sequence analysis of the PCR products showed that the amplified products were the B fragments of the UL2 gene. These results indicated that detection methods specific for virulent DPV strains could not be established using primers designed based on the UL2 gene B fragment.