网状分枝扩增法检测EB病毒基因及临床应用研究

目的应用网状分枝扩增法（RAM）检测NHL外周血EB病毒基因，探讨EB病毒感染与NHL的相关性。方法利用人工合成的EBER-1启动子基因，建立网状分枝扩增检测法，以EB病毒阳性细胞株Raji和EB病毒阴性的人白血病细胞株NB4作对照，检测了NHL患者外周血中EB病毒基因。结果RAM能够检出样品中10个分子的靶基因；120例非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）标本中，76例阳性（63．33％），与PCR方法检出结果相一致。结论RAM技术敏感、特异、简便易行；NHL与EB病毒感染具有较高的相关性。     

Modulation of host innate and adaptive immune defenses by cytomegalovirus: timing is everything

Abstract. Loewendorf A, Benedict CA (La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA). Modulation of host innate and adaptive immune defenses by cytomegalovirus: timing is everything (Symposium). J Intern Med 2010; 267 : 483–501. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (HHV‐5, a β‐herpesvirus) causes the vast majority of infection‐related congenital birth defects, and can trigger severe disease in immune suppressed individuals. The high prevalence of societal infection, the establishment of lifelong persistence and the growing number of immune‐related diseases where HCMV is touted as a potential promoter is slowly heightening public awareness to this virus. The millions of years of co‐evolution between CMV and the immune system of its host provides for a unique opportunity to study immune defense strategies, and pathogen counterstrategies. Dissecting the timing of the cellular and molecular processes that regulate innate and adaptive immunity to this persistent virus has revealed a complex defense network that is shaped by CMV immune modulation, resulting in a finely tuned host–pathogen relationship.     

Mucosal host immune response predicts the severity and duration of herpes simplex virus-2 genital tract shedding episodes

Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) shedding episodes in humans vary markedly in duration and virologic titer within an infected person over time, an observation that is unexplained. To evaluate whether host or virological factors more closely accounted for this variability, we combined measures of viral replication and CD8(+) lymphocyte density in genital biopsies, with a stochastic mathematical model of HSV-2 infection. Model simulations reproduced quantities of virus and duration of shedding detected in 1,003 episodes among 386 persons. In the simulations, local CD8(+) lymphocyte density in the mucosa at episode onset predicted peak HSV DNA copy number and whether genital lesions or subclinical shedding occurred. High density of CD8(+) T cells in the mucosa correlated with decreased infected cell lifespan and fewer infected epithelial cells before episode clearance. If infected cell lifespan increased by 15 min because of CD8(+) lymphocyte decay, then there was potential for a thousandfold increase in the number of infected cells. The model suggests that the rate of containment of infected cells by the peripheral mucosal immune system is the major driver of duration and severity of HSV-2 reactivation in the immunocompetent host.     

蛋白芯片技术检测幽门螺杆菌抗体在胃十二指肠疾病中的分布研究

目的通过对胃十二指肠疾病患者幽门螺杆菌（H．pylori）多种抗体的蛋白芯片检测,评价H．pylori的尿素酶（Ure）、细胞毒素相关蛋白（CagA）、空泡毒素（VacA）、热休克蛋白60（Hsp60）与慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌的相关性,并了解H．pylori的硝基还原酶（RdxA）表达与甲硝唑耐药的相关性。方法经胃镜检查确诊的300例慢性胃十二指肠疾病患者,抽静脉血3ml离心取血清,用蛋白芯片技术检测H．pylori的Ure、CagA、VacA、Hsp60、RdxA五种抗体。结果慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌中H．pylori感染率为34．0％、58．0％、34．O％（P〈0．01）;在H．pylori感染的慢性胃炎、消化性溃疡、胃癌中CagA抗体阳性率分别为54．9％、75．9％、64．7％（P=0．070）;VacA抗体在三种疾病中阳性率分别为31．4％、22．4％、17．6％（P=0．412）;HspS0抗体阳性率分别为56．9％、48．3％、41．2％（P：0．466）;RdxA抗体总阳性率为4．O％（5／126）。结论消化性溃疡与H．pylori感染及毒力因子CagA的作用密切相关（r=0．221,P=0．021）;而VacA、Hsp60与三种胃十二指肠疾病间未显示明确相关性（r=0．118、-0．110,P=0．187、0．220）;RdxA抗体水平不能完全代表甲硝唑耐药水平。     

2013年北京市首例输入性D_9基因型麻疹毒株的分离和鉴定

目的分离并鉴定北京市输入性D9基因型麻疹毒株。方法使用Vero/SLAM细胞,对可疑麻疹输入性病例的咽拭子和尿液标本进行麻疹毒株的分离培养。用反转录-聚合酶链反应扩增麻疹病毒核蛋白(N)基因羧基末端676个核苷酸片段,对扩增产物进行核苷酸序列测定和分析,并以羧基末端450个核苷酸片段构建基因亲缘关系树,进行遗传距离及核苷酸同源性分析。结果该病毒分离株BJCY13026-2和世界卫生组织D9基因型代表株Victoria.AUS(维多利亚.澳大利亚)12.99在基因亲缘性关系树上同属一个分支,核苷酸同源性为95.8%,氨基酸同源性为96%;和其他23个基因型代表株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在88.1%~95.6%和90.7%~96.7%。和中国大陆目前所使用的麻疹疫苗株沪191相比对,其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为91.1%和90.0%;和中国目前流行的麻疹病毒绝对优势本土基因型H1a基因型代表株相比对,其核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为89.4%和91.3%。结论该输入性病例的病毒分离株为麻疹病毒D9基因型。     

鼻内翻性乳头状瘤与人类乳头状瘤病毒的关系

目的：探讨鼻内翻性乳头状瘤与人类乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）的关系。方法：对２２例鼻窦和鼻腔的内翻性乳头状瘤标本分别进行免疫组织化学染色和ＰＣＲ检测。结果：２２例标本中，经免疫组织化学方法检出ＨＰＶ阳性细胞的有１１例，ＰＣＲ方法检出ＨＰＶＤＮＡ的共１７例。ＨＰＶ分型结果发现以ＨＰＶ１１、１６型最多，且以混合性感染为主。其中２例非典型增生的病例为ＨＰＶ１１／１６感染，１例复发病例为ＨＰＶ１１／１８型感染。结论：ＨＰＶ感染在鼻内翻性乳头状瘤的发生发展中具有重要地位，而且可能为一早期事件，ＨＰＶ１６、１８型与鼻内翻性乳头状瘤的复发及癌变有关。在检测上，ＰＣＲ方法优于免疫组织化学染色，值得提倡和推广。     

Norwegian dentists' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior concerning the HIV

Abstract— Knowledge about routes of HIV transmission and attitudes to HIV antibody testing was studied in a group of Norwegian dentists. Personal protection by gloves was also recorded. Eighty-three of 120 (69%) dentists in Bergen (private practitioners) completed a postal questionnaire. More than half of these considered themselves to be in potentially infectious situations daily. Overall knowledge was good, although one fifth gave wrong answers about the relation between antibody status and infectivity. About half the respondents had attitudes to antibody testing not consistent with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines. These dentists scored significantly lower on the knowledge questions. Seventy-five (92%) reported consequent use of gloves. A low knowledge score was found among non-users. The present study indicates that lack of knowledge is related to non-recommended attitudes and behavior. The study underlines the need for continuous education and information about HIV.     

Rabies virus maintained by dogs in humans and terrestrial wildlife, Ceará State, Brazil

Rabies viruses circulating in Ceará, Brazil, were identified by molecular analysis to be related to variants maintained by dogs, bats, and other wildlife. Most of these viruses are associated with human rabies cases. We document the emergence of a rabies virus variant responsible for an independent epidemic cycle in the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous).     

Testing for hepatitis C virus infection in UK prisons: What actually happens?

Prisons are a key demographic in the drive to eradicate hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a major public health threat. We have assessed the impact of the recently introduced national opt‐out policy on the current status of HCV testing in 14 prisons in the East Midlands (UK). We analysed testing rates pre‐ and post‐introduction of opt‐out testing, together with face‐to‐face interviews with prison healthcare and management staff in each prison. In the year pre‐opt‐out, 1972 people in prison (PIP) were tested, compared to 3440 in the year following opt‐out. From July 2016 to June 2017, 2706 people were tested, representing 13.5% of all prison entrants (median 16.6%, range 7.6%‐40.7%). Factors correlating with testing rates were as follows: pre‐admission location of the PIP (another prison or the community, OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.9‐2.3, P < 0.001); whether the PIP could access health care independently of prison officers (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5‐1.8, P < 0.001); the absence of out‐reach services for HCV treatment (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2‐1.5, P < 0.001), whether >50% of PIP reported ease of access to a nurse (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.8‐2.2, P < 0.001), and whether prison health care was supplied by private or NHS providers (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2‐1.5, P < 0.001). Testing rates remained far below the minimum national opt‐out target of 50%. Inadequacy of healthcare facilities and constraints imposed by adherence to prison regimens were cited by healthcare and management staff at all prisons. Without radical change, the prison estate may be intrinsically incapable of supporting NHSE to deliver the HCV elimination strategy.