后巩膜加固术联合斜视矫正术治疗轴性近视合并斜视

目的探讨后巩膜加固术联合斜视矫正术治疗轴性近视合并斜视的可行性。方法对26例46只眼轴性近视合并不同类型斜视的患者同时行斜视矫正术与后巩膜加固术，术中先表麻加结膜下浸润麻醉后行斜视矫正术，再在球后麻醉下行后巩膜加固术。结果术后眼位全部迭美容效果，部分病例恢复不同程度双眼视功能，斜视合并青少年进展性近视者观察2年近视程度较术前进展减慢，眼轴增长减慢，病理性近视视力稳定无下降。结论后巩膜加固术同时合并斜视手术是治疗轴性近视合并斜视的可行性方法，同时手术解剖层次清晰，操作方便，可避免二次手术因粘连等形成的困难，一次性手术成功率高，疗效可靠。     

Value of cervical encirclage in the treatment of midtrimester abortion

Cervical encirclage (McDonald's operation) was performed on 64 patients from 1974 to 1978 as a primary treatment of cervical incompetence. Diagnosis of incompetent cervix was made by history alone in 21 cases, by history and vaginal examination in 41 and by hysterosalpingogram alone in only two cases. Before suture, these 64 patients had had 246 pregnancies with successful pregnancy in 62, a success rate of 25.2%. If first trimester abortions were excluded, successful outcome had occurred in only 31.6%. Following suture reinforcement, the same patients achieved 64 conceptions with 45 successful pregnancies, a success rate of 70.3%. Cervical encirclage is useful and attractive because of its simplicity, bloodlessness and easy reproducibility during the same pregnancy.     

Blockade or stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors attenuates cue reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

RATIONALE: D(1) dopamine receptor antagonists and agonists attenuate cocaine reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., responding in the absence of cocaine reinforcement). OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the effects of a D(1) antagonist (SCH-23390), partial agonist (SKF-38393), and full agonist (SKF-81297) on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by presentation of cocaine-paired cues. METHODS: Rats that had been trained to self-administer cocaine with a light/tone stimulus complex paired with each infusion underwent extinction across days. After responding diminished, rats were given response-contingent access to the cocaine-paired stimulus complex. The effects of SCH-23390 (0-10.0 microg/kg), SKF-38393 (0-3.0 mg/kg), and SKF-81297 (0-3.0 mg/kg) on cue reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior were examined. The ability of the two D(1) agonists to independently reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior and the effects of SKF-81297 on cocaine reinstatement were also examined. To investigate the possibility of behavioral interference, the effects of SKF-38393 and SKF-81297 on grooming and stereotypy were assessed. RESULTS: SCH-23390 and SKF-81297, but not SKF-38393, attenuated cue reinstatement. However, while SKF-81297 dose-dependently increased response latency, SCH-23390 did not. SKF-81297 also independently reinstated responding at the two lowest doses tested while SKF-38393 had no effect. Furthermore, SKF-81297 decreased cocaine reinstatement and increased response latency only at the highest dose. Finally, stereotypy was observed at all doses of SKF-81297 that also decreased responding, although the patterns of changes in these behaviors did not completely correspond. CONCLUSIONS: While the antagonist and full agonist produced similar effects on cocaine-seeking behavior, only the agonist increased response latency, suggesting that different processes mediate the effects of these drugs.     

Environmental stimuli promote the acquisition of nicotine self-administration in rats

RATIONALE: Environmental stimuli associated with drugs of abuse are believed to play a major role in the motivation to take drugs, drug dependence, and relapse. Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that the response-contingent presentation of drug-related, visual cues was at least as important as nicotine in the maintenance, extinction and reacquisition of self-administration in experienced rats. OBJECTIVES: In the present research, we asked whether these same visual cues are effective in promoting the acquisition of operant responding in drug naive rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for self-administration of IV nicotine (0.03 mg/kg, free base) in 1-h daily sessions when infusions were or were not paired with two lighting events: a 1-s cue light, followed by a 1-min period during which the chamber light was turned off and responding was not reinforced. RESULTS: Rats tested with cues plus nicotine rapidly acquired self-administration and increased their lever pressing rates as the schedule progressed from FR1 to FR5. Without cues, the rate of nicotine self-administration was low and no adjustments were made in response to increasing schedule demands. While one of the stimuli, turning off the chamber light, was shown to have primary reinforcing properties, its association with nicotine produced a synergistic enhancement of lever pressing. Acquisition of operant responding was also enhanced, but to a lesser extent, by a previously neutral compound stimulus, i.e. the nicotine-paired cue light presented with a 1-s tone. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate a powerful interaction between environmental stimuli and nicotine in the acquisition of operant responding and indicate that both intrinsically reinforcing and previously neutral cues can participate in this effect.     

Direct and retrospective assessment of factors contributing to compulsive buying

Compulsive buying is a disorder that has begun to receive attention from researchers in recent years. The results of a handful of studies suggest that compulsive buying occurs in response to negative emotions and results in a decrease in the intensity of the negative emotions. In this investigation, we used interview and self-monitoring methods to evaluate the antecedents and consequences of compulsive buying in a sample of women who met criteria for compulsive buying on the compulsive buying scale (J. Consumer Res. 19 (1992) 459). As a group, the participants reported negative emotions as the most common antecedents to compulsive buying, and euphoria or relief from the negative emotions as the most common consequence of compulsive buying. These findings were consistent across the interview and self-monitoring assessment methods. The implications for assessment and treatment are discussed.     

The basolateral complex of the amygdala is necessary for acquisition but not expression of CS motivational value in appetitive Pavlovian second-order conditioning

The basolateral complex of the amygdala (ABL) is involved in processing information about stimulus motivational value. However, it is not clear whether the ABL is critical for acquisition, maintenance, or expression of this information. Our previous work has shown that ABL lesions made prior to training, block acquisition of an appetitive Pavlovian second-order conditioning task, in which performance is thought to depend on the acquisition of motivational (conditioned reinforcement) value by the first-order conditioned stimulus (CS). The present experiments examined the effects of ABL lesions made after first-order conditioning, when the CS acquires motivational value, but before second-order conditioning, the test for acquired value of that CS. Rats received pairings of a visual CS with a food reinforcer. They then received bilateral sham or excitotoxic lesions of the ABL. After recovery, they received pairings of a second-order auditory CS with the previously conditioned visual CS. In two experiments, both sham and lesioned rats acquired normal second-order conditioned behaviours. Some of the same rats were then given another round of second-order conditioning with novel CSs. In this case, when first-order training occurred after surgery, some second-order conditioned behaviours were impaired in lesioned rats. Tests of the associative underpinnings of second-order conditioned behaviours showed that those behaviours impaired by ABL lesions were based on stimulus-response associations. The results show that although the ABL is critical for second-order conditioning, this role is limited to acquisition of information about the motivational value of the first-order CS, and it is not critical for maintenance of this information or for its use in forming second-order associations.     

后巩膜加固术治疗病理性近视的临床体会

目的观察后巩膜加固术治疗病理性近视的安全性及可行性。方法应用消毒灭菌的同种异体硬脑膜对98例(176只眼)病理性近视患者行后巩膜加固术,观察其术后疗效及并发症。结果术后1年近视度数稳定或减少者占94.4%,眼轴稳定者占93.0%,矫正视力稳定或提高者占95.8%,无远期手术并发症。结论后巩膜加固术是控制病理性近视恶化的一种可行的方法,并且手术安全。     

脐带在高度近视眼后巩膜加固术中的应用

目的 观察用胎儿脐带行后巩膜加固术的短期疗效,探讨其安全性及应用价值。方法 将用酒精脱水固定处理后的胎儿脐带复水后,对121例(187眼)行后巩膜加固术,观察其术后视力及并发症。结果 术后3d视力提高(P<.01);术后1周以后视力与术前无差异(P>0.05),术后排斥反应小,并发症少。结论 胎儿脐带作为后巩膜加固术的加固材料是比较安全的,而且较易获得,其远期效果还待进一步观察。     

Concurrent heroin self-administration and intracranial self-stimulation in rats

In a two-lever testing chamber, rats lever pressed for lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation or intravenous heroin reinforcers on a concurrent FR1 FR1 schedule of reinforcement. Responding for stimulation did not alter the rate of heroin self-administration, and responding for heroin caused increased responding for stimulation. Discontinuing heroin injections, or administering 3 mg/kg of naloxone, disrupted responding for both reinforcers, while changing the unit dose of heroin did not appreciably affect response rates for stimulation. This experiment demonstrates that rats are able to lever press during the period between successive self-administered heroin infusions, suggesting that the pausing normally seen between infusions is not due to debilitation, stereotyping, or sedation.     

Schedule dependent changes in operant responding after lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic projection.

The present experiments examined the role of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle (DTNB) in operant responding for food under various schedules of reinforcement. This catecholaminergic neuronal system originates in the nucleus locus coeruleus and has diffuse projections to hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Bilateral stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the DTNB of rats reduced hippocampal-cortical noradrenaline to less than 5% of control levels. Animals with these lesions acquired a continuously reinforced (CRF) bar-press response at the same rate as controls. Compared to controls rats with DTNB lesions responded at significantly lower rates on a variable interval 30 (VI 30) schedule. Extinction after VI 30 responding did not differ significantly between control and lesioned animals. In another experiment no significant difference was observed between DTNB lesioned and control groups on the rate of responding on a fixed ratio 30 (FR 30) schedule. The results are discussed with reference to previous reports indicating changes in operant responding after intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine. The data failed to support the hypothesis that the DTNB is critically involved in learning and memory.