头孢呲肟与头孢噻肟治疗老年细菌性下呼吸道感染的随机对比研究

目的 :评价头孢吡肟治疗老年细菌性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性。方法 :将 68例老年细菌性下呼吸道感染患者随机分为试验组和对照组 ,分别给头孢吡肟静滴 1g ,每日二次或头孢噻肟静滴 2g ,每日二次 ,疗程均为 7～ 10d。结果 :两组痊愈率分别为 5 8.8%和 2 6.5 %,总有效率分别为 91.2 %和 67.6%;治疗后细菌清除率分别为 89.7%和 63 .3 %;以上结果均有显著性差异。不良反应发生率分别为 5 .9%和 8.8%,两组比较无显著性差异。结论 :头孢吡肟抗菌谱广 ,疗效好 ,不良反应轻微 ,对治疗老年细菌性下呼吸道感染是一个安全、有效的抗感染经验治疗药物     

Ilizarov技术治疗儿童下肢畸形

目的 介绍Ilizaro技术治疗儿童下肢畸形的临床经验。方法 采用Ilizaro技术治疗31例下肢畸形患儿，2例为先天性胫骨假关节以往植骨内固定治疗失败，4例为骨髓为后骨不连，植骨后短缩，11例为下肢短缩，8例为先天性马蹄内翻足，4例为下肢骨折，1例为骨纤维发育异常，1例为软骨发育不全性侏儒。结果 31例均达到预期目的。结论 应用Ilizaro技术可以在修复骨缺损的同时矫正肢体不等工，假关节切除后延长与加压可以同时进行。Ilizaro三维相结合可矫正足内翻下垂畸形。双下肢同步延长可治疗软骨发育不全性侏儒。     

Valvular density alone cannot account for sites of chronic venous insufficiency and ulceration in the lower extremity.

OBJECTIVE: Class 6 chronic venous stasis is associated with abnormal venous hemodynamics and ulceration. Ulcers primarily occur over bones and tendon prominences but very rarely over muscular compartments. We hypothesized that the anatomical distribution of venous stasis ulcers in the lower extremity is related to a lower density of venous valves. METHODS: The venous vasculature of six normal human legs was cast with resin, and their microvenous valvular anatomy was examined. Skin samples were obtained from the skin overlying the 1) Achilles' tendon, 2) anterior tibia, 3) medial malleolus, 4) lateral malleolus, 5) dorsal surface of the foot, 6) planta pedis, 7) dorsal aspect of the great toe; and from the skin regions overlying the 8) gastrocnemius, 9) tibialis anterior, and 10) peroneus muscles. The valvular and venous densities were determined in a scanning electron microscope, normalized to the size of specimens, and the valvular index was calculated. Analysis of variance with Bonferroni t-test was used to compare the valvular index between the regions. RESULTS: Venous valves were observed in all tissue regions. The diameter of veins with valves ranged from 18 microm to 803 microm. The valvular index for regions overlying bones/tendons (i.e., regions 1-7) was significantly higher versus those overlying muscular regions (i.e., regions 8-10) (p < 0.05). The valvular index was not different (p = 0.51) when regions 1 and 2 (where ulcers almost never occur) were compared to regions 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 (where ulcers frequently occur); nor were there differences between the vascular indexes of regions overlying muscle. The largest venous valves were observed in the plantar region, and the smallest-sized ones were present in the peroneal region. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the density of venous valves is actually higher in regions of the human lower extremity overlying bones and tendons, where venous stasis ulcers are common, than those overlying muscular areas, where ulcers are rarely seen. Thus, valvular quantity alone cannot account for the higher clinical incidence of ulceration. It is likely that muscular pumping and/or valvular quality are important factors in preventing the development of venous stasis and ulceration in the lower extremity.     

Leg ulceration and ethnicity: a study in west London

Little is known of the influence race has on the development of leg ulceration, with most studies being performed in almost exclusively white populations. As part of a wider audit of leg ulcer services, health care professionals were contacted to give details of age, sex and ethnic background of all patients who attended for treatment of leg ulceration over a one year period in an area of west London. West London Health Care Trust provides services to a population of 275000 of whom 53000 have an ethnic background from the Indian subcontinent (South Asian).In all, 280 patients were identified, of whom 264 (94%) had details of age and sex. This gave a crude ascertainment rate of 1.02 per 1000 population. Of the 264 patients, five were classified as South Asians, with one patient classified as Afro-caribbean. The Mantel Haenzsel test demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of whites suffering from leg ulceration than South Asians, giving an odds ratio of 4.43, with 95% confidence intervals between 1.94 and 10.13 (P=0.0004). The expected frequency of South Asian patients should be 23, based on rates from the white population, of which 13 would be women and 10 men. Only five South Asian men were identified, and no Asian women with leg ulceration.Reasons for this low ascertainment are two-fold. Either there is a real difference between the white and South Asian populations, or South Asian patients are not presenting for treatment. Further work must be performed to determine whether this is an effect of low prevalence, or unmet need in the community.     

Minireview on the toxicity of dietary acrylamide.

Acrylamide is a commodity chemical with many industrial and laboratory uses. It is also formed from carbohydrate and amino acid containing food by heating (primarily in fried potato products, bread, coffee). Neurotoxicity was detected as the primary toxic effect after occupational exposure. In rats and mice AA is toxic for reproduction and development and to male germ cells, is genotoxic through a reactive metabolite, glycidamide, and carcinogenic to several organs. Epidemiological studies did not point to an association between either occupational or dietary exposure and an excess of cancer incidence. Health risks of the general population are based on an average exposure to 1 microg/kg bw/day increasing for high consumers to 4 microg/kg bw/day. For average consumers a margin of exposure of 200 for neurotoxicity can be regarded as sufficiently protective. However, a margin of 300 for carcinogenic risks appears not sufficient when applying a precautionary principle. This is also illustrated when the benchmark dose lower confidence limit for cancer is divided by an uncertainty factor of 300, which arrives at a tolerable daily intake of 1 microg/kg bw/day, and thus is in the range of average consumption. Further measures to minimize acrylamide formation in food should therefore be explored to reduce human exposure.     

不同剂量罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉用于下肢手术的效果比较

目的比较不同剂量低浓度罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉用于下肢手术的麻醉效果。方法择期下肢手术患者136例,急诊下肢手术患者83例。按腰麻用药分为0.1%、0.15%和0.2%罗哌卡因3组,每组73例,各组剂量从3mg开始递增,顺序完成3mg各3例,4mg各10例,5、6、7mg各20例。硬膜外腔维持用药均为0.2%罗哌卡因。术前不用药。患者侧卧位,患侧在上,L2-3套针法穿刺,调整麻醉平面在T9-10。观察麻醉效果,BP、HR、SpO2、Bromage评分等。结果优良率6~7mg时为95%、5mg时为50%~55%、4mg时为30%,剂量为3mg时虽有镇痛平面,但不能行手术,均为麻醉失败,剂量为7mg时无失败病例。患者术中BP、HR、SpO2平稳,无恶心呕吐。头痛1例,尿潴留2例。术中患肢Bromage评分为2~3分,健肢为0~1分。结论0.1%~0.2%罗哌卡因6~7mg腰麻与0.2%罗哌卡因硬膜外阻滞联合麻醉,具有用药少,起效快,镇痛完善,BP、HR、SpO2平稳,副作用小,麻醉消退快,能早期活动,利于搬运转移患者等优点,不仅可用于无严重创伤性休克患者下肢不同部位手术的麻醉,而且可为战时手术方舱内的手术提供一种麻醉选择。     

超声诊断下肢动脉狭窄性疾病

目的:评价超声对下肢动脉狭窄性疾病的诊断价值。材料和方法:对30例下肢动脉狭窄患者行二维及多普勒超声检查,并与血管造影对照。结果:30例下肢动脉狭窄患者中动脉粥样硬化22例,大动脉炎4例,血管闭塞性脉管炎2例,动脉血栓2例。超声检查可清晰显示下肢动脉狭窄部位及其血流、频谱变化特征,诊断准确率为90%(27/30),与血管造影比较,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:超声可以发现下肢动脉狭窄性病变,是一种快速、敏感的诊断方法。     

小儿下呼吸道感染患者主要致病菌及药物的敏感性分析

目的:了解下呼吸道感染主要致病菌及药物敏感性,为合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法:对住院患者采集咽拭子标本310份,其中涂片染色镜检,其中300份咽分泌物标本进行病原学鉴定,并做药敏试验。结果:下呼吸道以G 细菌占首位,以肺炎链球菌为主,药物敏感试验结果显示,头孢曲松钠对G 细菌有效率达87%。鉴定出的G 菌对头孢菌素类,喹诺酮类敏感,对青霉素耐药。结论:肺炎链球菌是小儿下呼吸道感染主要致病菌,头孢曲松钠是治疗下呼吸道感染的有效抗生素。     

CE-MRA在外周血管闭塞性疾病诊断中的应用

目的:介绍对比增强磁共振血管成像(CE-MRA)在外周血管闭塞性疾病诊断中的方法及应用体会。方法:2005年2~7月间36例临床怀疑下肢动脉闭塞症患者行自动移床三维增强磁共振血管成像(3D CE-MRA)检查,范围包括主动脉、髂动脉、股动脉、腘动脉及其三个分支。结果:36例中32例下肢动脉可见不同部位、不同程度的狭窄及闭塞。阳性诊断率89%。与数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果符合率94%。结论:正确掌握检查方法,可以获得良好的图像质量。自动移床3D CE-MRA是一种无创的、简便而有效的下肢血管性病变的检查方法。     

The histopathology of 36 cases of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy

A detailed histopathological study was made of the lungs of 36 cases of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy coming to combined heart-lung transplantation. It revealed two dissimilar processes involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. One comprised histological appearances consistent with constriction of muscular pulmonary arteries, a condition that would be likely to be reversed by pulmonary vasodilators. The other was the proliferation of myofibroblasts in the intima and lumen of pulmonary arteries, a disorder of growth unlikely to be influenced by this type of therapy. In previous ultrastructural studies we have shown that the source of these cells of muscular pedigree is muscle cells from the inner half of the media which migrate into the intima through gaps in the inner elastic lamina. In the present study we found a similar proliferation of myofibroblasts in the intima, not only of pulmonary arteries, but also of pulmonary veins, in plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. Arterial thrombi found were considered to be a complication rather than a cause of plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy. Siderophages, cholesterol granulomas and focal fibrosis in the lung were considered to be a consequence of intrapulmonary haemorrhage early in the course of the disease. It is concluded that, while plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy has an important vasoconstrictive element, it is also based on a disorder of growth of cells of muscular pedigree. This view has clear implications for the therapy of primary plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy.