论常燕生以“生物史观”为基础的新法治主义

为适应近代中国的救亡需求,新法家主要代表常燕生融合西方进化论学说和中国古代法家的法治思想,创生出有机生物史观和国家主义法治思想。以此为基础,常燕生大力提倡文化启蒙,主张建构近代民族国家,呼吁走渐进改良式的救亡道路。常燕生的思想因而带有明显的济世救亡的工具主义特质。批判性地反思其缺陷和不足,镜鉴其菁华,必大有益于当世“法治中国”建设。     

Revisions to USDA biotechnology regulations: The SECURE rule

In keeping with the directive in Executive Order 13874 (Modernizing the Regulatory Framework for Agricultural Biotechnology Products) to adopt regulatory approaches that are proportionate to risk and avoid arbitrary distinctions across like products, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) revised its biotechnology regulations by promulgating the Sustainable, Ecological, Consistent, Uniform, Responsible, and Efficient (SECURE) rule. Specifically, the SECURE rule 1) establishes exemptions for plants modified by genetic engineering where the modification could otherwise have been made through conventional breeding, 2) uses risk posed by the introduced trait to determine whether an organism is regulated, rather than relying on whether the organism was developed using a plant pest, and 3) provides a mechanism for a rapid initial review to efficiently distinguish plants developed using genetic engineering that do not pose plausible pathways to increased plant pest risk from those that do. As a result of the focused oversight on potentially riskier crops developed using genetic engineering, USDA is expected to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its oversight program. The reduced regulatory burden is expected to promote innovation by expanding the number and diversity of developers to include smaller businesses and academics and to increase the number and variety of traits being developed through biotechnology.     

Quantitative visualization of passive transport across bilayer lipid membranes

The ability to predict and interpret membrane permeation coefficients is of critical importance, particularly because passive transport is crucial for the effective delivery of many pharmaceutical agents to intracellular targets. We present a method for the quantitative measurement of the permeation coefficients of protonophores by using laser confocal scanning microscopy coupled to microelectrochemistry, which is amenable to precise modeling with the finite element method. The technique delivers well defined and high mass transport rates and allows rapid visualization of the entire pH distribution on both the cis and trans side of model bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs). A homologous series of carboxylic acids was investigated as probe molecules for BLMs composed of soybean phosphatidylcholine. Significantly, the permeation coefficient decreased with acyl tail length contrary to previous work and to Overton's rule. The reasons for this difference are considered, and we suggest that the applicability of Overton's rule requires re-evaluation.     

A PRIM approach to predictive‐signature development for patient stratification

Patients often respond differently to a treatment because of individual heterogeneity. Failures of clinical trials can be substantially reduced if, prior to an investigational treatment, patients are stratified into responders and nonresponders based on biological or demographic characteristics. These characteristics are captured by a predictive signature. In this paper, we propose a procedure to search for predictive signatures based on the approach of patient rule induction method. Specifically, we discuss selection of a proper objective function for the search, present its algorithm, and describe a resampling scheme that can enhance search performance. Through simulations, we characterize conditions under which the procedure works well. To demonstrate practical uses of the procedure, we apply it to two real‐world data sets. We also compare the results with those obtained from a recent regression‐based approach, Adaptive Index Models, and discuss their respective advantages. In this study, we focus on oncology applications with survival responses. © 2014 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Determination of furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural from baby formula using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography and method optimization by response surface methodology

A simple, rapid and efficient method was developed using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for extraction and determination of furfural (F) and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) in baby formula. The effects of different variables on the extraction efficiency such as the volume of extraction and disperser solvents, pH and salt effect were studied and optimized simultaneously using (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Under optimum conditions, a mixture of ethanol (disperser solvent) and 1-octanol (extraction solvent) was rapidly injected in to the sample solution (after adding 2 g salt and adjusting pH to 6.5). Limit of detection for F and HMF were 0.7 and 1.8 ng g⁻¹, respectively. The inter-day relative standard deviation (RSD%) were 4.9 for HMF and 3.9 for F and also inter-day RSD% were in the range of 5.2–8%. The results showed that DLLME-HPLC is a very fast, simple, sensitive and accurate analytical method for the determination of F and HMF in baby formulas. Finally, The ability of the proposed method to determine F and HMF in different baby formulas in Iran was studied and suitable result was obtained.     

中医药治疗痛风的研究进展

痛风是嘌呤代谢异常致使尿酸合成增加而导致的代谢性疾病,西药如秋水仙碱等用于痛风的治疗临床疗效确实可靠,但伴有一定的副作用而使其使用受到了限制,中药和天然药物用于治疗痛风具有疗效确切,安全,不良反应小等优势。笔者通过查阅近年来国内外的有关文献,重点从单方和经方、经验方等方面阐述中医药治疗痛风的研究进展,以期为抗痛风新药的开发提供科学依据。     

龙江医派名医陈景河治疗血瘀证用药规律分析

目的：分析龙江医派名医陈景河治疗血瘀证的用药规律。方法收集、整理龙江医派名医陈景河在齐齐哈尔中医院门诊治疗血瘀证的中药方剂,建立数据库,利用统计学方法对用药情况进行统计分析。结果整理治疗血瘀证的中药方剂50首,涉及中药194种,用药总频数为610次。结论核心单味药依次为川芎、当归、黄芪、丹参、乳香、没药、党参、红花、白芍等;治疗血瘀证以活血化瘀药、补虚药、清热药、解表药等为主要功效的药物为主;药性以温、寒、平为主;药味以苦、辛、甘为主;归经以肝、脾、心、肺、肾为主。     

A Comparison of the Accuracy of Clinician Prediction of Survival Versus the Palliative Prognostic Index

Context

Survival predictions for advanced cancer patients impact many aspects of care, but the accuracy of clinician prediction of survival (CPS) is low. Prognostic tools such as the Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI) have been proposed to improve accuracy of predictions. However, it is not known if PPI is better than CPS at discriminating survival.

自拟中药方保留灌肠治疗慢性盆腔炎的疗效观察

目的：观察自拟中药方保留灌肠治疗慢性盆腔炎的效果。方法将60例慢性盆腔炎患者随机分为治疗组30例、对照组30例。对照组口服中成药,治疗组在口服中成药的基础上,予自拟中药方保留灌肠。比较2组的临床疗效。结果治疗组30例中,显效18例（60．0％）,有效11例（36．7％）,无效1例（3．3％）,总有效率为96．7％;对照组30例中,显效8例（26．7％）,有效15例（50．0％）,无效7例（23．3％）,总有效率为76.7％。经秩和检验,Z＝－3．873,P＜0．05,说明治疗组临床疗效优于对照组。结论在口服中成药的基础上予自拟中药方保留灌肠治疗慢性盆腔炎具有较好的疗效。     

疏肝通络方治疗糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝临床研究

目的：观察疏肝通络方治疗糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝（ NAFLD ）的临床疗效。方法将120例糖尿病合并NAFLD的患者随机分为治疗组60例、对照组60例,在控制血糖的基础上,对照组采用健康教育、改变生活方式等措施治疗,治疗组在上述基础上加用疏肝通络方口服。结果治疗组60例中,完全缓解5例（8．33％）,显效31例（51．67％）,有效17例（28．33％）,无效7例（11.67％）,总有效率为88．33％;对照组59例中,完全缓解2例（3．39％）,显效12例（20．34％）,有效16例（27．12％）,无效29例（49．15％）,总有效率为50．85％。经Ridit分析,U＝－5．122, P＜0．001,说明治疗组总体疗效优于对照组。2组中医症状积分治疗后较本组治疗前均降低（ P＜0.01）,治疗组较对照组降低更明显（P＜0．05）,说明治疗组优于对照组。2组ALT,AST,TG,TC, LDL-C治疗后均较本组治疗前均降低（P＜0．05,P＜0．01）,治疗组ALT,AST,TG,TC,LDL-C较对照组降低明显（P＜0．05）。 BMI治疗组较治疗前降低（P＜0．01）,对照组治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论疏肝通络方治疗糖尿病合并NAFLD具有较好的疗效。