生活垃圾填埋场封场设计要点思考

介绍了生活垃圾填埋场封场设计要点。结合浙江西部某县城生活垃圾填埋场的封场工程实例,分析了在填埋场封场工程设计中,应考虑的堆体整形治理、覆盖系统选择、气水导排设计等问题,并依照工程实际,提出了解决方案。     

聚山梨酯80对药品微生物限度检查的影响

目的：分析不同来源、不同浓度的聚山梨酯80对试验菌生长的影响,为聚山梨酯80在药品微生物限度检查中的应用提供参考。方法：取不同生产厂家、不同批号的聚山梨酯80,分别加入pH 7.0无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液中,制备成3%、4%、5%、10%、15%、20%浓度(v/v)的溶液,作为供试液。按照中国药典2015年版四部通则1105和1106,进行需氧菌、霉菌和酵母菌计数方法适用性试验。同时进行控制菌大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌检查的方法适用性试验。结果：不同来源、不同浓度的聚山梨酯80对需氧菌计数和控制菌检查试验结果的影响差别较大,对霉菌和酵母菌计数试验结果影响差别不大。结论：不同来源、不同浓度的聚山梨酯80对试验菌的生长影响不同。药品微生物限度检查中使用聚山梨酯80时,需注意聚山梨酯80的来源不同对试验结果造成的差异。     

Comparing effects of detached mindfulness and cognitive restructuring in obsessive‐compulsive disorder using ecological momentary assessment

Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been shown to be a valid and sensitive measure of treatment effects in obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). As part of a clinical trial, this EMA study deals with a comparison of two treatment conditions, that is, cognitive restructuring (CR) and detached mindfulness (DM). EMA data from n = 39 OCD patients were available from a randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of CR and DM. Smartphone‐based EMA sampling spread over 4 days each before and after treatment, with 10 random prompts per day and a 2‐week intervention of either CR or DM. We tracked CR strategies (e.g., questioning an appraisal by re‐evaluating risk), DM strategies (e.g., allowing one's thoughts to come and go), and application of newly learned strategies during Post‐Treatment EMA. Although there was a trend towards DM strategies being applied more often during Pre‐Treatment EMA than CR strategies, we did not find differences during Post‐Treatment EMA between CR and DM regarding frequency or difficulty of application and experienced relief. As expected, we found a clear pre‐post increase for all CR and DM behaviours except for one DM item. However, we did not find a treatment‐specific increase of CR and DM behaviours; that is, both interventions equally well promoted a seemingly general treatment effect. Despite the ecological validity of EMA, however, social desirability effects cannot be ruled out, so that this conclusion must be handled cautiously. Further research is needed to replicate and generalize our results.     

Feasibility and acceptability of intensive,real-time biobehavioral data collection using ecological momentary assessment,salivary biomarkers,and accelerometers among middle-aged African Americans

Perceived racial discrimination is linked to unhealthy behaviors and stress-related morbidities. A compelling body of research indicates that perceived racial discrimination may contribute to health disparities among African Americans (AAs). The purposes of this study were to describe the study protocol including data collection procedures and study measures and to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of intensive biobehavioral data collection using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), salivary biomarkers, and accelerometers over 7 days among middle-aged AAs with a goal of understanding the relationships between perceived racial discrimination and biobehavioral responses to stress. Twelve AA men and women participated in the feasibility/acceptability study. They completed surveys, anthropometrics, and received in-person training in EMA and saliva sample collection at baseline. Participants were asked to respond to the random prompt text message-based EMA five times a day, wear an accelerometer daily for 7 days, and to self-collect saliva samples four times a day for 4 consecutive days. The EMA surveys included perceived racial discrimination, affective states, lifestyle behaviors, and social and physical contexts. The mean EMA response rate was 82.8%. All participants collected saliva samples four times a day for 4 consecutive days. About 83% of participants wore the accelerometer on the hip 6 out of 7 days. Despite the perception that the intensive nature of assessments would result in high participant burden, the acceptability of the study procedures was uniformly favorable.     

改良沙堡弱琼脂培养基（MSDA）方法在一次性使用卫生用品真菌定量检测中的应用研究

摘要 目的 研究改良沙堡弱琼脂培养基(MSDA)方法在一次性使用卫生用品真菌定量检测中的应用价值。方法 参照2015年版《中国药典》非无菌产品微生物限度检查（通则1105）的适用性试验方法,验证MSDA方法对一次性使用卫生用品真菌菌落总数检测适用性。结果 MSDA方法检测接种白色念珠菌和黑曲霉的19种供试品适用性试验回收率范围在82.76%～105.74%。市场购买的某品牌成人纸尿裤和某品牌婴儿柔肤湿巾两种产品真菌菌落总数＞100 cfu/g。市场购买的4大类产品中均有真菌检出,共有9个产品真菌菌落总数≥5 cfu/g。结论MSDA方法适用于一次性使用卫生用品真菌菌落总数的检测。     

Interpretation of Ecological Theory for Physical Activity with the Omaha System

Physical inactivity is a global health problem. Public health nurses (PHNs) have great potential to influence population health outcomes in this area. However, methods are needed to increase understanding of the problem and the impact PHNs may have on measuring and changing health behavior. One promising option is PHN documentation of client health data. However, literature examining how health behavior theories align with nursing documentation systems that use standardized terminology is sparse. The purpose of this article was to operationalize an ecological theory with the Omaha System standardized terminology using physical activity as an exemplar. The goal was to provide a method for using PHN clinical documentation to examine physical activity from a theoretical perspective in research and practice. We designed and used a three‐phase process informed by the literature to conceptually map the ecological model for health promotion and the Omaha System. The results of the mapping process reveal the ecological nature of the Omaha System and provide support for measuring and analyzing health‐related behavior problems from an ecological perspective with Omaha System data. This process could be replicated with other health‐related problems and standardized terminologies to guide theoretically based nursing care and research.     

Urbanisation effects on groundwater chemical quality: findings focusing on the nitrate problem from 2 African cities reliant on on-site sanitation

By 2010 Africa's urban population will have grown to over 420 million with on-site sanitation the predominant excreta disposal option. The use of on-site sanitation has important public health benefits but can result in large faecally derived loadings of nitrogen and chloride to groundwater resources. Nitrate is of particular concern, with elevated concentrations linked to potentially serious health problems. N and Cl can derive from natural sources so it is important to quantify the additional impact of human activities. Several authors have used empirical relationships between nitrate and chloride concentrations to assess the extent to which excreta influences groundwater quality. However, these relationships have assumed fixed loadings from excreta. Relationships between N and Cl have been extended here by adding country-specific estimates of average annual per capita nitrogen and chloride content of, and loading from, excreta. The results are compared with groundwater monitoring results from two very different mid-sized African cities (Timbuktu, Mali and Lichinga, Mozambique) where the vast majority of residents use on-site sanitation and are dependent on the subsurface water for drinking purposes. The results illustrate the impact of urbanisation on groundwater quality. They are compared with data from other African cities to allow the calculation of a general nitrate and chloride relationship for unsewered African urban areas. Potential interventions to help arrest rising nitrate levels and so provide a public health benefit are also examined.