实验性精索静脉曲张对大鼠睾丸生精细胞凋亡的影响

目的 :探讨大鼠精索静脉曲张对睾丸生精细胞凋亡的影响 ,阐明精索静脉曲张引起不育的病理机制。　方法 :选用雄性SD大鼠 32只 ,随机分为假手术组、4 5d模型组、6 0d模型组及 90d模型组。采用肾静脉缩窄法建立精索静脉曲张动物模型 ,流式细胞术分别检测各组大鼠睾丸凋亡细胞数及各级生精细胞数。　结果 :假手术组未出现明显的凋亡峰 ,各模型组均出现明显的凋亡峰 ,且随着造模时间的延长凋亡峰增高。　结论 :精索静脉曲张可引起睾丸生精细胞大量凋亡 ,各级生精细胞数减少 ,这可能是精索静脉曲张引起睾丸生精功能障碍从而导致不育的根本机制     

Preventing heart disease: is treating the high risk sufficient?

Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the effects of several intervention strategies on coronary heart disease mortality rates in a Finnish and a North American cohort. Lowering total serum cholesterol by 4%, smoking by 15%, and diastolic blood pressure by 3% for the whole cohort would be expected to reduce the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction by at least 13% and coronary heart disease deaths by at least 18%. Lowering serum cholesterol by 34%, diastolic blood pressure to 90 mmHg, and reducing smoking by 20% in the subset of the population with all three risk factors in the highest quartile would result in a 6-8% reduction in non-fatal myocardial infarction and a 2-9% reduction in deaths from coronary heart disease in these cohorts. These data demonstrate that in populations with a relatively high incidence of heart disease, treating the entire population will produce larger effects than focusing only on high-risk populations.     

Segregation analysis of leprosy in families of northern Thailand

Sixty-three families with multiple instances of leprosy were identified through a major leprosy treatment center in northern Thailand. Complex segregation analyses for single major genes or polygenic inheritance were performed using the maximum-likelihood routine POINTER to determine the most likely etiologic model of genetic susceptibility. Liability differences between men and women were considered in these models. When individuals were considered to be affected because they had any form of leprosy, a generalized major gene model with nearly dominant parameters on the liability scale, but additive penetrances, was found to be the most likely. When only those individuals who had tuberculoid forms of leprosy were considered to be affected, a recessive model was found to be the most likely; however, the discrimination between various models was poor. Further analyses are necessary to delineate genetic mechanisms to explain these apparently divergent results. In particular, methods of testing two locus models should be considered.     

豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞体外通透性的研究

目的　研究豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞的体外通透性特征。方法　在成功建立豚鼠耳蜗微血管内皮细胞体外通透性模型的基础上 ,研究该体外模型跨细胞电阻及对12 5I 牛血清白蛋白的通透性。结果　①耳蜗微血管内皮细胞在培养增殖过程中其跨细胞电阻呈动态变化过程 ,以 5× 10 4/cm2 的细胞密度接种时 ,7d左右电阻到达峰值 ,其跨细胞电阻峰值大小为 (118 9± 18 5 )Ω/cm2 ;②体外模型中加入12 5I 牛血清白蛋白后 ,其通透性呈上升期抛物线型曲线 ,90min内几乎呈直线。结论　跨细胞电阻及对12 5I 牛血清白蛋白变化曲线能反映体外耳蜗微血管内皮细胞的通透性特征     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对慢性鼓膜穿孔愈合的影响

目的 :探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子 (bFGF)在慢性鼓膜穿孔愈合中的作用。方法 :在豚鼠慢性创伤性鼓膜穿孔的动物模型上 ,观察应用bFGF 磷酸缓冲液 (2 5 0mg/L)治疗的鼓膜愈合率 ,用组织学检查鼓膜中层厚度 ,并与仅用磷酸缓冲液 (PBS)处理的作对照。结果 :bFGF治疗组鼓膜愈合率明显高于PBS组 (89.3%vs 37.5 % ,P <0 .0 1) ;鼓膜中层厚度bFGF组显著高于PBS组 [(30 5± 37) μmvs (10 2± 2 1) μm ,P <0 .0 1]。结论 :局部应用bFGF有明显促进慢性鼓膜穿孔鼓膜中层厚度及上皮细胞增生 ,促进鼓膜愈合的作用。     

放射性肝纤维化过程的定量研究

经＾６０Ｃｏγ线照射大鼠肝区，通过光镜、电镜和图像分析仪、宣研究了照后１年肝脏的病理改变。结果表明，３０Ｇｙ组在照射后１年内逐渐发生了放射性肝纤维化病变。在肝纤维化发生过程中，肝细胞内糖原颗凿含量进行性减少，间质中胶原纤维含量进行性增加，网状纤维于照射１－３个月呈进行性增加。     

Neuropathology of ALS: Spheroids

I briefly review spheroids observed in the anterior horns of the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Spheroids are argentophilic bodies more than 20 μm in diameter. Recently, some connections between the proximal axonal swellings including spheroids and the perikarya have been reported in some ALS patients with a short clinical course or mild depletion of anterior horn neurons. Most of the cell bodies directly connected with the axonal swellings appear normal, and spheroids are considered to be one of the hallmarks of the early histological changes in this disorder. Spheroids are strongly positive with anti-phosphorylated neurofilament antibody, and are also positive with calcitonin gene-related peptide and anti-peripherin antibody. Some spheroids are immunostained with anti-synaptophysin antibody and anti-ubiquitin antibody. Spheroids are not immunostained with anti-phosphorylated tau antibody, or high molecular weight microtubule associated proteins. Electron microscopically, spheroids are usually composed of densely packed accumulation of 10 nm neurofilaments with a variety of orientations, plus vesicles, dense bodies and mitochondria. When the swellings of the initial segment is relatively pronounced, the undercoating is obscured and the neurofilaments become interwoven in some parts. In the first internode of the myelinated axons, as the swellings become larger, the neurofilaments lose their parallel orientation and become intermingled. Large accumulation of neurofilaments resembling spheroids in the perikarya of large anterior horn cells suggests that spheroids could be derived not only from the axon including the proximal portion, but also from the perikarya. Structures apparently identical to axonal spheroids are observed at the light and electron microscopic levels in the proximal portion of axons of anterior horn cells in animal models intoxicated with β, β'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), or with aluminum, in hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA). The pathogenetic mechanism is probably associated with an impairment in slow axonal transport which particularly affects the neurofilaments in IDPN and aluminum intoxication. Impairment of slow axonal transport of neurofilaments also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The average diameter of even normalappearing initial segment is larger in ALS than in the controls. The perikarya connected with the swollen proximal axons and their dendrites almost always appear normal. These findings suggest that the slow axonal transport of neurofilaments is probably impaired in this portion of the axon at an early stage in ALS as well as animal models for human ALS. However, techniques to analyze slow axonal transport in humans still remain tobe developed. Recently, overexpression of neurofilament subunits in transgenic mice produces a condition resembling ALS. The transgenic model may offer an interesting perspective not only for testing therapeutic strategies but also for investigating in a systematic way the various genetic and environment factors controlling the onset and progression of the disease and might yield new insights on the etiology of ALS.     

大蒜素对脑局灶缺血大鼠血小板活化功能及其结构的影响

目的：观察大蒜素对脑局灶缺血大鼠血小板活化功能或轻药物诱导的血小板活化功能及其结构的影响。方法：（1）将SD大鼠随机分为（空白组、大蒜素大剂量组和小剂量组）3组，于末次给予试药1．5h后颈总动脉插管取血，加入诱导剂二磷酸腺苷（ADP）或胶原，测定血小板最大聚集率；（2）采用化学刺激（FeCl3)诱导血栓闭塞法制备大鼠急性大脑中动脉血栓模型，随机分为（假手术组、模型组、大蒜素大剂量组和小剂量组）4组，给药方法同实验（1），颈总动脉插管取血后分离血浆，测定血浆血栓烷B2（TXB2）、6－酮－前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α）含量；（3）加入ADP孵育激活性，离心得到血小板沉淀块，透射电镜下观察血小板的超微结构。结果：与空白组或模型组相比，大蒜素大剂量组（10mg/kg)、小剂量组（5mg/kg)均可显著抑制药物诱导的血小板聚集（P＜0．01），且大剂量组显著优于小剂量组（P＜0．05）；均可明显降低模型大鼠血浆TXB2的含量，降低TXB2／6－keto-PGF1α比值，大剂量组还显著升高血浆中6－keto-PGF1α水平（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；可明显抑制血小板活化过程中超微结构的改变，且有一定的量效关系。结论：大蒜素可能通过抑制血小板聚集，抑制血小板活化时大量释放的活性肽TXA2、促进恢复TXA2／PGI2平衡，抑制血小板激活释放过程中超微结构的改变，从而对脑梗塞起治疗作用。     

Muscle mass index in haemodialysis patients: a comparison of indices obtained by routine clinical examinations.

BACKGROUND: Measurement of muscle mass is useful for evaluating protein nutritional status. Various methods for estimating muscle mass in haemodialysis patients have recently been developed. METHODS: The validity of the estimate of creatinine production calculated with the creatinine kinetic model (CKM) was examined in 46 haemodialysis patients by comparing it with the actual creatinine production, this being determined from the sum of creatinine appearing in the dialysate and the estimated metabolic degradation. The correlation of various other muscle mass indices with creatinine production was also investigated in these patients. RESULTS: The estimate of creatinine production using CKM was significantly correlated with creatinine production calculated from the spent dialysate plus an estimate for the extra-renal creatinine degradation (r=0.90, P<0.001). A Bland-Altman analysis revealed that the mean prediction error for the estimate of creatinine production by CKM was +0.10 g/day and the limits of agreement were +0.34 to -0.14 g/day. The cross-sectional area of the thigh muscle measured by computed tomography (CT) was also significantly correlated with creatinine production (r=-0.86, P<0.01). In contrast, the correlations of 3-methylhistidine production measured in the spent dialysate, the mid-upper arm muscle circumference and the skeletal muscle mass estimated by an anthropometric prediction model with creatinine production were lower (r<0.82). CONCLUSION: Creatinine production calculated using CKM and CT measurement of thigh muscle area are valid methods for estimating muscle mass during routine clinical examinations of haemodialysis patients.     

大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型建立

目的 建立大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型。方法 根据Yu Weiming介绍的方法经以简化建立大鼠异位辅助性肝移植模型。阐明手术操作技巧和术前术后处理等因素对肝移植大鼠的成活率的影响。结果 在30例异位辅助性肝移植大鼠中，供肝热缺血时间为1-2min，安装袖套时间约为4min，肝下腔静脉吻合时间为12min，供肝冷缺血时间为30min,1wk存活率为80%（n=30)。结论 成功复制大鼠辅助性肝移植模型。同时，大鼠的质量，术前状态和精细的手术操作及管理是决定大鼠异位辅助性肝移植成败的关键因素。