肝脾康颗粒成型工艺研究

目的确定肝脾康颗粒的最佳制粒处方组成。方法以颗粒吸湿百分率、成型率和溶化率为指标,筛选颗粒的最佳辅料与配比。结果处方最佳组成为3份浸膏粉与3份辅料（蔗糖∶糊精=2∶1的混合辅料）;所制颗粒的吸湿率小、成型率高、溶化率高。结论试验结果可为肝脾康颗粒制剂处方组成的确定提供依据。     

拉玛泽减痛分娩法对分娩影响的研究

目的观察拉玛泽减痛分娩法对分娩的影响,探讨其训练效果的可行性,促进自然分娩。方法选择184例自愿参加拉玛泽减痛分娩法训练的孕妇为观察组,186例无参加拉玛泽减通分娩法训练的为对照组。比较两组产时疼痛程度,总产程,分娩结局。结果观察组总产程,产后出血,新生儿窒息与对照组相比有明显差异,而疼痛程度评价无差异。结论拉玛泽减痛分娩法能有效缩短总产程,减少产后出血,降低新生儿窒息率,降低社会因素剖宫产,保障母婴健康。     

横突间融合及椎体间融合治疗腰椎滑脱疗效观察

目的：观察横突间融合及椎体间融合在治疗腰椎滑脱中的效果。方法：对52例腰椎滑脱患者进行后路植骨融合加椎弓根钉内固定。其中20例采用横突间融合,32例采用椎体间融合。结果：两种治疗方式的优良率分别为82％和88％,其中采用横突间融合组发生椎弓根钉断裂2例,内固定取出后再次滑脱2例;而采用椎体间融合组无发生椎弓根钉断裂及腰椎滑脱复发。结论：在治疗腰椎滑脱的应用中。横突间融合与椎体间融合疗效差异无显著性,但后者手术时间更短,所需植骨量更少,创伤更小,并发症的发生率更低．是较好的治疗方法。     

The empirical process of autoregressive residuals

Summary Asymptotic theory is developed for the residual empirical process of autoregressive distributed lag models with an intercept and possibly other deterministic terms. The asymptotic distribution is shown not to depend on the location of characteristic roots. This contrasts to situations without intercept where unit roots give rise to non‐standard distributions. This is important in applications, as the question of the innovation distribution can be addressed without knowledge of the characteristic roots.     

基于有效成分和药效优选柴葛解肌汤提取工艺

通过正交试验及药效试验对柴葛解肌汤提取工艺进行优选。方法：以葛根素含量为指标,首先确定加水倍数。同时以正交试验法对葛根、柴胡、麻黄浸泡时间、提取时间、提取次数进行初步考察。同时结合药效试验对提取工艺进行优选。结果：15倍水是最佳加水量,正交试验表明各因素影响大小顺序均为提取次数〉提取时间〉浸泡时间,提取3次,每次60min,所有药材同时煎煮,此时葛根素含量较大,又减少工时,节约成本。药效试验表明上述优选提取工艺时柴葛解肌汤降温效果明显,即加水15倍,提取3次,每次60min为最佳提取工艺。结论：提取工艺合理,提取率较高。     

Process of Care and Outcomes in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease

Background We investigated the association of process of care measures with adverse limb and systemic events in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with PAD, as defined by an ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9. The index date was defined as the date, during 1995 to 1998, when the patient was seen in the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center noninvasive vascular laboratory and found to have PAD. We conducted a chart review for process of care variables starting 3 years before the index date and ending at the time of the first event or the final visit (December 31, 2001), whichever occurred first. We examined the association between PAD process of care measures, including risk factor control, and prescribing of medication, with time of the patient’s first major limb event or death. Results Of the 796 patients (mean age, 65 ± 9.9 years), 230 (28.9% experienced an adverse limb event (136 lower-extremity bypass, 94 lower-extremity amputation), and 354 (44.5%) died. Of the patients who died, 247 died without a preceding limb event. Glucose control was protective against death or a limb event with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.74 (95% confidence limits [CL] 0.60, 0.91, P = 0.004). African Americans were at 2.8 (95% CL 1.7, 4.5) times the risk of Whites or Hispanics for an adverse limb event. However, this risk was no longer significant if their glucose was controlled. For process measures, the dispensing of PAD specific medication (HR 1.4, 95% CL 1.1, 1.7) was associated an increased risk for an adverse outcome. Conclusions Our data suggest that glucose control is key to reducing the risk for adverse outcomes, particularly limb events in African Americans. Certain process of care measures, as markers of disease severity and disease management, are associated with poor outcomes in patients with PAD. Further work is needed to determine the role of early disease intervention to reduce poor outcomes in patients with PAD. This work was conducted by Dr. Collins while at the Houston Center for Quality of Care and Utilization Studies, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, and Section of Health Services Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.     

Tumour markers in internal medicine: a low-cost test or an unnecessary expense? A retrospective study based on appropriateness

Objective and background In the last 35 years tumour markers (TM) have gained currency in clinical practice. However, in the light of indications by international guidelines, their use is often unjustified. Our aim was to quantify the use of some of the most common TM, assessing their appropriateness and their efficacy in an Internal Medicine Unit. Methods In the three Internal Medicine Units of the Department of Internal Medicine of Policlinico of Modena we have carried out a retrospective analysis of the assessment of the main TM (CEA, CA19.9, CA 125, CA 15.3, NSE). The analysis was divided into two distinct phases: (I) quantitative phase, in order to assess the scale of the problem in economical terms; (II) qualitative phase, in order to assess the efficacy of the tests and the appropriateness of their use. Results (I) At last one of the considered TM was requested in 5102 out of the 8253 admitted patients (62%) (period 2001–2003). The trend was similar in all three units examined. (II) The qualitative analyses revealed: (1) the most common motivation for their use (79%) was diagnostic, mostly prior to any other test; (2) a mere 5% of the requests were appropriate according to the international literature; and (3) TM showed a low positive predictive value when used for diagnosis in an unselected population such as that of an Internal Medicine unit. Conclusions The results of our study showed that TM determination represents an overall cost for Internal Medicine units and that there is a high inappropriateness in their use compared to what it is suggested by international guidelines. Though the TM is a low-cost test when used correctly, it seems an unnecessary expense if not adequately incorporated into the decisionmaking process.     

Postnatal changes in the styloid process,vagina processus styloidei,and stylomastoid foramen in relation to the function of muscles originating from the styloid process

We investigated age-related changes in the styloid process in 88 skulls, aged from 5 months to 85 years of age. The osseous styloid process was not well developed in children. Its length increased significantly with age (from 2.3 mm in 11–20 age group to 16.3 mm in 61–85 group). In adolescent specimens (11–20 years of age), the median distance from the styloid process to the stylomastoid foramen was 0.7–0.8 mm, whereas in adult and old age specimens the two structures were completely adjacent or very close, usually less than 0.2 mm. The process was missing in 5% of the adult specimens. There was a statistically significant positive association between the length of the styloid process with age (r = 0.3210, 95% CI 0.0817–0.5254; P = 0.0097), whereas the distance from the styloid process to the stylomastoid foramen significantly decreased with age (r = −0.4518, 95% CI −0.6167 to −0.2490; P = 0.0001). Changes in the length and shape of the styloid process reflected altered function of the three muscles originating from the styloid process—m. stylopharyngeus, m. stylohyoideus and m. styloglossus. They have a common function of lifting the aerodigestive elements upward and backward, after the descent of the aerodigestive tract and final morphological differentiation of the vocal system during puberty. Relationship between altered muscle function and the morphology of the styloid process are important for understanding the clinical syndromes related to the styloid process, such as Eagle’s syndrome. Presented as a poster at the 78 Jahresversammlung 2007 der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Munich, 17–20 May 2007.     

A comprehensive study of psychometric properties of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) in Spanish advanced cancer patients

Background

The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) is developed for daily symptom assessment. Validation studies tested a variety of languages and patients. The purpose was to carry out a comprehensive examination of the psychometric properties of the ESAS through validation of the version in Spanish advanced cancer patients.

Method

A reverse translation method was used to translate the ESAS. Previous studies find appropriate Spanish terms to explore, with verbal scales, fatigue, depression and anxiety. Psychometric aspects evaluated were reliability, validity, responsiveness and utility.

Results

171 advanced cancer patients participated. Internal consistency with Cronbach’s Alpha was 0.75. In test-retest (0-6 h), Spearma’s correlation was between 0.65 and 0.94. Factor analysis found 3 central domains: ‘soft’ and ‘hard physical’ and ‘emotional’. Concurrent validity with the Rotterdam Symptom Check List (RSCL) found good correlation in physical symptoms (Kappa until 0.66) but weak correlation in emotional symptoms (Kappa 0.35). Discriminant validity (Spearman) found significant differences (p < 0.001) classifying by Karnofsky. ESAS discriminate between inpatients and outpatients (Mann-Whitney, p < 0.001). Responsiveness was tested with ESAS at 0-48 h (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.05). Average time to complete the instrument was 5.5 min.

Conclusion

ESAS is a valid, reliable, responsive and feasible instrument with adequate psychometric properties when tested on Spanish advanced cancer patients.     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检72例临床分析

目的:探讨CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术对肺内周围性孤立性结节及弥漫性病变的临床价值.方法:收集2009年7月至2010年7月72例肺内周围性孤立性结节及弥漫性病变患者,行CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术,获取病理结果后行相关临床治疗或随访观察.结果:64例肺内周围性孤立性结节病灶在CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断为肺癌50例、结核...