生物样本中痕量锌的火焰原子吸收直接测定法

目的用原子吸收光谱法测定生物样本（血液、尿液）中痕量锌。方法血样离心后用0．2％的硝酸稀释10倍,尿样用5％的硝酸稀释后,使用日立Z-2000火焰原子吸收光谱法直接测定其中锌的含量,并讨论相关的试验条件。结果该方法的检出限为0．39μL,标样的相对标准偏差（RSD）均在5％以内,回收率为93．6％～103．7％,共存物干扰小。结论运用此方法对30例电子废弃物拆解工人和30例对照区居民的血锌和尿锌进行了测定,证实方法简便、快速,准确度和精密度均达到分析要求。     

过敏性紫癜复发与尿IgG之间关系探讨

目的探讨小儿过敏性紫癜首次确诊住院时尿IgG与1年内皮肤紫癜复发的关系。方法用免疫比浊法测定29例出院后1年内再次出现皮肤紫癜（复发组）和43例出院后1年内未再出现皮肤紫癜（无复发组）的过敏性紫癜患儿在首次确诊住院时急性期和恢复期的尿IgG,并测定28例同期原发性肾病综合征未应用激素治疗前（肾综组）和30例门诊体检的健康儿童（对照组）尿IgG,并加以比较分析。结果复发组在首次确诊住院期间,急性期尿IgG为（1．474±0．658）以,与无复发组的（1．391±0．743）g/L比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,两组急性期尿IgG均低于肾综组的（2．808±0．683）班（P〈0．01）;恢复期尿IgG在复发组为（0．202±0．154）g/L,高于无复发组的（0．115±0．103）g／L和对照组的（0．109±0．098）g/L,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论尿IgG在判断小儿过敏性紫癜的活动方面和皮肤紫癜复发的预后方面均有一定的意义。     

3-Hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene as a biomarker of dermal exposure to benzo(a)pyrene

The aim of this study was to determine the percutaneous absorption flux of BaP (20 μg/cm² in ethanol) and the usefulness of urinary 3-OHBaP as a bio-indicator of dermal exposure to BaP. The percutaneous absorbed dose and absorption flux were estimated by comparison with intravenous administration of BaP (0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg in Cremophor^®) as reference way. A percutaneous absorption flux of 0.37 μg/cm²/h was determined by killing groups of rats, following exposure time of 4.5 and 24 h. [¹⁴C] skin content was 3.1 μg/cm², after 24 h exposure to BaP. Total urinary 3-OHBaP accounted for 0.4% of the real absorbed dose, which was fourfold higher than the percentage of an intravenous dose excreted as 3-OHBaP. This finding reveals that percutaneous absorption of BaP, based on the ratio of urinary excretion of 3-OHBaP following percutaneous exposure compared to percutaneous absorption following intravenous administration of BaP, is overestimated in the rat. In vitro, BaP was intensively metabolised by rat skin. Unchanged BaP and 3-OHBaP in receptor fluid accounted for 50 and 30% of the total radioactivity. This percutaneous first past effect of BaP in rats could, in part, explain the higher urinary excretion ratio of 3-OHBaP compared to the value based on intravenous administration of BaP. Conversely, BaP was largely lower metabolised as 3-OHBaP during percutaneous absorption by humans, so BaP absorption flux should be overestimated to a lesser extent in humans than in rats.     

Simultaneous determination of phytoestrogens and key metabolites in breast cancer patients’ urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

A novel, selective and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of phytoestrogens and their key metabolites in human urine in this study. This method includes internal standard (IS) screening, analytical sample preparation procedure establishment, and linear range investigation. The analytical sample was extracted by liquid–liquid extraction from urine sample. The phytoestrogens and related key metabolites were separated with Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 chromatographic column using methanol and water as mobile phase. The Quattro premier MICROMASS mass spectrometer in negative ion selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode using electrospray ionization was applied to detect the phytoestrogens and key metabolites. To validate the developed liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method, the intra- and inter-day precisions, specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and sample detective concentration range were evaluated. This is the first reported phytoestrogens analysis and validation study that demonstrates the feasibility of using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to simultaneously analyze ten analytes including both phytoestrogens and their key metabolites in urine samples collected for epidemiological studies in human.     

尿道内双管留置在尿道下裂术后并发症防治的作用

目的 评价尿道内双管留置这一独特引流方法在尿道下裂尿道成形术中的作用.方法 将我院2006年1月至2009年12月采用各种术式矫治的尿道下裂患者135例,按术后尿液引流和尿管支撑的方式不同分三组:A组:膀胱造瘘引流+尿道留置多孔硅胶尿管51例;B组:经尿道单导管引流48例;C组:经尿道双导管引流36例.对比分析各组在术后反应、治愈时间及术后并发症发生率的差异.结果 C组患者术后反应轻,治疗时间短,术后并发症发生率低.结论 再造尿道双管留置能有效地减少尿道下裂术后并发症,提高手术的成功率.值得临床推广应用. Abstract： Objective To estimate the role of urethral double-tube drain in urethroplasty.Methods A total of 135 cases with different urethroplasty from January 2006 to December 2009 were divided into 3 groups and were compared in postoperative wounds reaction, cure time and incidence of postoperative complications among them. Group A:Fifty-one cases with the suprapubic and the transurethral methods in urino-drain. Group B:Forty-eight cases with the transurethral only pipe method in urino-drain.Group C:Thirty-six cases with the transurethral double-tube method in urino-drain.Results Group C had more effects than other two groups in postoperative wounds reaction,time of therapy and postoperative complications.Conclusions The urethral double-tube drain method can lower effectively the incidence of the complications after urethroplasty and should be applied extensively in clinic.     

Children's and adults' salivary alpha‐amylase responses to a laboratory stressor and to verbal recall of the stressor

Salivary alpha‐amylase (sAA), an enzyme produced by the salivary glands, increases in response to physical and psychosocial stressors in adults. Whether similar increases are evident among children, though, is less clear, and there is a lack of studies directly comparing children's and adults' sAA responses to an identical stressor. In this study, 24 children (9–12 years; 12 female) and 26 adults (18–23 years; 16 female) were exposed to an identical psychosocial laboratory stressor and a recall interview regarding that stressor after a 2‐week delay. Saliva was collected before and 1, 10, 20, and 30 min after the stressor/recall interview. Among adults, concentrations of sAA increased on both study days, but similar increases were not detected among children. Findings suggest developmental differences in sAA reactivity, and underscore the need to characterize the confluence of elements that will reliably elicit sAA responses to mild stress in youth. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 598–602, 2010.     

Measuring salivary analytes from free-ranging monkeys

Studies of large free-ranging mammals have been revolutionized by non-invasive methods for assessing physiology, which usually involve the measurement of fecal or urinary biomarkers. However, such techniques are limited by numerous factors. To expand the range of physiological variables measurable non-invasively from free-ranging primates, we developed techniques for sampling monkey saliva by offering monkeys ropes with oral swabs sewn on the ends. We evaluated different attractants for encouraging individuals to offer samples, and proportions of individuals in different age/sex categories willing to give samples. We tested the saliva samples we obtained in three commercially available assays: cortisol, salivary alpha amylase, and secretory immunoglobulin A. We show that habituated free-ranging rhesus macaques will give saliva samples voluntarily without training, with 100% of infants, and over 50% of adults willing to chew on collection devices. Our field methods are robust even for analytes that show poor recovery from cotton, and/or that have concentrations dependent on salivary flow rate. We validated the cortisol and SAA assays for use in rhesus macaques by showing aspects of analytical validation, such as that samples dilute linearly and in parallel to assay standards. We also found that values measured correlated with biologically meaningful characteristics of sampled individuals (age and dominance rank). The SIgA assay tested did not react to samples. Given the wide range of analytes measurable in saliva but not in feces or urine, our methods considerably improve our ability to study physiological aspects of the behavior and ecology of free-ranging primates, and are also potentially adaptable to other mammalian taxa.     

Thirst and hydration: Physiology and consequences of dysfunction

The constant supply of oxygen and nutriments to cells (especially neurons) is the role of the cardiovascular system. The constant supply of water (and sodium) for cardiovascular function is the role of thirst and sodium appetite and kidney function. This physiological regulation ensures that plasma volume and osmolality are maintained within set limits by initiating behaviour and release of hormones necessary to ingest and conserve water and sodium within the body. This regulation is separated into 2 parts; intracellular and extracellular (blood). An increased osmolality draws water from cells into the blood thus dehydrating specific brain osmoreceptors that stimulate drinking and release of anti diuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). ADH reduces water loss via lowered urine volume. Extracellular dehydration (hypovolaemia) stimulates specific vascular receptors that signal brain centres to initiate drinking and ADH release. Baro/volume receptors in the kidney participate in stimulating the release of the enzyme renin that starts a cascade of events to produce angiotensin II (AngII), which initiates also drinking and ADH release. This stimulates also aldosterone release which reduces kidney loss of urine sodium. Both AngII and ADH are vasoactive hormones that could work to reduce blood vessel diameter around the remaining blood. All these events work in concert so that the cardiovascular system can maintain a constant perfusion pressure, especially to the brain. Even if drinking does not take place ADH, AngII and aldosterone are still released. Furthermore, it has been observed that treatment of hypertension, obesity, diabetes and cancer can involve renin-AngII antagonists which could suggest that, in humans at least, there may be dysfunction of the thirst regulatory mechanism.     

H NMR-based metabonomic investigation of tributyl phosphate exposure in rats

Tributyl phosphate (TBP) is a toxic organophosphorous compound widely used in many industrial applications, including significant usage in nuclear processing. The industrial application of this chemical is responsible for occupational exposure and environmental pollution. In this study, ¹H NMR-based metabonomics has been applied to investigate the metabolic response to TBP exposure. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a TBP-dose of 15 mg/kg body weight, followed by 24 h urine collection, as was previously demonstrated for finding most of the intermediates of TBP. High-resolution ¹H NMR spectroscopy of urine samples in conjunction with statistical pattern recognition and compound identification allowed for the metabolic changes associated with TBP treatment to be identified. Discerning NMR spectral regions corresponding to three TBP metabolites, dibutyl phosphate (DBP), N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-l-cysteine, were identified in TBP-treated rats. In addition, the ¹H NMR spectra revealed TBP-induced variations of endogenous urinary metabolites including benzoate, urea, and trigonelline along with metabolites involved in the Krebs cycle including citrate, cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, and fumarate. These findings indicate that TBP induces a disturbance to the Krebs cycle energy metabolism and provides a biomarker signature of TBP exposure. We show that three metabolites of TBP, dibutylphosphate, N-acetyl-(S-3-hydroxybutyl)-l-cysteine and N-acetyl-(S-3-oxobutyl)-l-cysteine, which are not present in the control groups, are the most important factors in separating the TBP and control groups (p < 0.0023), while the endogenous compounds 2-oxoglutarate, benzoate, fumarate, trigonelline, and cis-aconetate were also important (p < 0.01).