对采用空腹指尖毛细血管血血糖筛查糖尿病和糖耐量减低偏性的研究

目的探讨采用空腹指尖毛细血管血血糖（FBG）≥6．1mmol／L作为界定值筛查糖尿病（DM）和糖耐量减低（IGT）出现的偏性。方法筛查设A、B、C、D四个自然人群组。各组分别为8151、9168、9096及8355人。A、B、C三组均先做FBG，其界定值依次为6，1mol／L、55mol／L、5，0mol／L，各组超过或等于其界定值者再做OGTT，筛查DM和IGT。D组则直接做OGTT筛查DM和IGT。DM和IGT诊断按照WHO1999年标准。结果A、B、C、D四组DM的检出率分别为6．91％、8．21％、8．30％、8．32％，IGT的检出率分别为2．48％、6.10％、8．05％、8．16％。A组行OGTT的人数比例占被调查总人群的11．3％，与D组比较，DM、IGT漏检率分别为16，95％、69，61％；B组行OGTT的人数比例占被调查总人群的27．79％，与D组比较，DM、IGT漏检率分别为1.32％和25．25％；C组行OGTT的人数比例占被调查总人群的58．37％，与D组比较，DM、IGT漏检率分别为0．24％和1．35％。结论选择FBG≥5．0mmol／L作为界定值，是开展糖尿病流行病学调查获得DM和IGT患病率的成本-效益-效果最佳方案。     

心房颤动的药物治疗现状和进展

心房颤动(AF)是临床常见的心律失常之一,患病率和致残致死率高,药物疗效不理想.近年来,随着对AF发生和维持机制的不断了解,特别是新药不断问世、传统药物新功能的研究,药物治疗已取得了较大进展.本文主要从心率控制、节律控制、改善心房重构和抗炎等方面加以介绍.     

Methacrylate-functionalized proanthocyanidins as novel polymerizable collagen cross-linkers — Part 2: Effects on polymerization,microhardness and leaching of adhesives

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a novel polymerizable collagen cross-linker methacrylate-functionalized proanthocyanidins (MAPA) on the polymerization, microhardness and leaching of a HEMA-based experimental dental adhesive system.MethodsThree MAPAs were synthesized using different methacrylate (MA) to proanthocyanidins (PA) feeding ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 to obtain MAPA-1, MAPA-2, and MAPA-3, respectively. The resulting three MAPAs and PA were added to an experimental adhesive formulated with HEMA and a tri-component photoinitiator system (0.5 wt% CQ/EDMAB/DPIHP) at 1%, 5% and 10% MAPA or PA concentrations (wt%). The adhesive polymerization kinetics was measured continuously in real-time for 10 min using a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. Degree of conversion (DC) and Vickers microhardness (MH) of cured adhesives were measured at 72 h post-cure. The leaching of cured adhesives in DI water was monitored using UV–vis spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way and two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s (p < 0.05).ResultsThe adhesive formulations with 1%, 5% and 10% MAPAs-1, -2, -3 all generated higher rate of polymerization and 10-min DC than the formulations with PA at the same concentrations. At 72 h post-cure, the adhesive formulation with 5% MAPA-2 exhibited significantly higher DC (99.40%) and more than doubled MH (18.93) values than the formulation with 5% PA (DC = 89.47%, MH = 8.41) and the control (DC = 95.46%, MH = 9.33). Moreover, the cured adhesive with 5% MAPA-2 demonstrated significantly reduced PA leaching in comparison with cured adhesive with 5% PA.SignificanceSynthesized MAPA is a novel class of polymerizable collagen cross-linker that not only stabilizes dentin collagen via its PA component, but also improves polymerization, mechanical properties and stability of HEMA-based adhesives via its MA component. By inheriting the benefit while overcoming the drawback of PA, MAPA offers a revolutionary solution for improved bond-strength and longevity of dental restorations.     

细节护理在脑血栓患者中的应用效果

目的：观察细节护理在脑血栓患者中的应用效果。方法收集我院收治的急性脑血栓患者49例,随机分为对照组（24例）和实验组（25例）,对照组给予常规护理,实验组则在对照组常规护理的基础上增加细节护理内容,比较2组患者平均溶栓延误时间、急性期溶栓成功率、并发症发生率、平均住院时间、院外脑血栓再发生率。结果实验组急性期溶栓成功率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;实验组院外脑血栓再发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;实验组平均溶栓延误时间和平均住院时间均较对照组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论细节护理在脑血栓患者中的应用能取得良好的临床效果,值得临床进一步探讨。     

Relation between HbA1c and incident cardiovascular disease over a period of 6 years in the Hong Kong population

Aim

The current trend on diabetes management advocates replacing the paradigm from a uniform to an individualized patient-centered haemoglobin A_1c (HbA_1c) target, but there is no consensus on the optimal HbA_1c level. The study aimed at examining the association between HbA_1c and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) for diabetic patients with different characteristics, in order to identify patient-centered treatment targets.

影响经皮肾镜碎石术治疗鹿角型肾结石清石率及并发症的因素分析

目的分析经皮肾镜碎石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PNL)治疗鹿角型肾结石时,影响清石率及并发症的因素。方法收集2010年1月至2014年1月因鹿角型肾结石于本院泌尿微创中心行经皮肾镜碎石术的患者资料。记录所有围手术期并发症。清石率的评估采用低照射量的平扫CT,并通过单变量及多变量统计分析影响清石率及并发症的因素。结果本研究收纳了82位鹿角型结石患者(42位男性和40位女性),平均年龄(46.5±13.9)岁,所有患者共行92次一期PNL(其中10位患者为双侧鹿角型结石)。一期PNL治疗鹿角型肾结石的清石率为53%(49次PNL)。另行体外冲击波碎石术(shock wave lithotripsy,SWL),术后3个月时清石率增加至75%(69例肾脏)。影响残留结石的独立危险因素包括完整的鹿角型结石以及合并肾盏结石(相对危险度分别为2.1和3.2)。并发症发生率为25%(23例PNL)。出现并发症的独立危险因素包括手术医师的经验以及术前尿培养结果(相对危险度分别为2.3和2.4)。结论 PNL术后出现残留结石的影响因素包括完整的鹿角型结石及合并肾盏结石。术前尿培养结果为阳性,或者手术操作者经验匮乏,都会增加术后并发症的发生率。     

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Fertilization Rate Does Not Depend on the Proportion of Round-headed Sperm,Small-acrosomal Sperm,or Morphologically Normal Sperm in Patients with Partial Globozoospermia

Background:

Generally, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be the preferable method to treat partial globozoospermia, but whether there exist some correlations between ICSI fertilization rate and the proportion of round-headed sperm or morphologically normal sperm remains open. This study was to explore the correlation between ICSI fertilization rate and the sperm morphology in patients with partial globozoospermia.

Methods:

Thirty-four patients diagnosed with partial globozoospermia accepted the following assisted fertilization treatments – 2 cases accepted in-vitro fertilization (IVF) alone, 26 cases accepted ICSI alone, and 6 accepted split IVF/ICSI. Detailed morphological characteristics were described using Diff-Quik rapid staining. Sixty cases accepting IVF or ICSI treatment in our reproductive center were considered as the control group after being matched by relevant criteria. Fertilization rate, embryo quality, embryo implantation rate and clinical pregnancy rate were calculated.

Results:

Besides very high proportion of round-headed sperm, partial globozoospermia also showed very high proportion of small-acrosomal sperm and very low proportion of morphologically normal sperm. Fertilization rate of IVF (IVF alone plus split IVF) was very low in partial globozoospermia (25.4% ± 17.4%), but ICSI (ICSI alone plus split ICSI) achieved satisfying fertilization rate compared with the control group (66.2% ± 22.5% vs. 68.8% ± 29.4%, P > 0.05). In patients with partial globozoospermia, there were no correlations between ICSI fertilization rate and the proportion of round-headed sperm, small-acrosomal sperm, or morphologically normal sperm.

Conclusions:

There was high proportion of small-acrosomal sperm in partial globozoospermia. For patients with partial globozoospermia, ICSI is more preferable than IVF. ICSI fertilization rate does not depend on the proportion of round-headed sperm, small-acrosomal sperm, or morphologically normal sperm.     

Pregnancy Outcomes of In Vitro Fertilization with or without Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Chinese Patients

Background:

The effect of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) on pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients is still ambiguous. This study aimed to analyze pregnancy outcomes of IVF with or without OHSS in Chinese patients.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to compare pregnancy outcomes between 190 women with OHSS and 197 women without OHSS. We examined the rates of clinical pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, miscarriage, live birth, preterm delivery, preterm birth before 34 weeks’ gestation, cesarean delivery, low birth weight (LBW), and small-for-gestational age (SGA) between the two groups. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of measure of clinical pregnancy were also analyzed.

Results:

The clinical pregnancy rate of OHSS patients was significantly higher than that of non-OHSS patients (91.8% vs. 43.5%, P < 0.001). After controlling for drug protocol and causes of infertility, the adjusted ORs of moderate OHSS and severe/critical OHSS for clinical pregnancy were 4.65 (95% CI, 1.86–11.61) and 5.83 (95% CI, 3.45–9.86), respectively. There were no significant differences in rates of multiple pregnancy (4.0% vs. 3.7%) and miscarriage (16.1% vs. 17.5%) between the two groups. With regard to ongoing clinical pregnancy, we also found no significant differences in the rates of live birth (82.1% vs. 78.8%), preterm delivery (20.9% vs. 17.5%), preterm birth before 34 weeks’ gestation (8.6% vs. 7.9%), cesarean delivery (84.9% vs. 66.3%), LBW (30.2% vs. 23.5%), and SGA (21.9% vs. 17.6%) between the two groups.

Conclusion:

OHSS, which occurs in the luteal phase or early pregnancy in IVF patients and represents abnormal transient hemodynamics, does not exert any obviously adverse effect on the subsequent pregnancy.     

Hemodynamic responses during and after multiple sets of stretching exercises performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver

OBJECTIVE:

This study investigated the acute hemodynamic responses to multiple sets of passive stretching exercises performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver.

METHODS:

Fifteen healthy men aged 21 to 29 years with poor flexibility performed stretching protocols comprising 10 sets of maximal passive unilateral hip flexion, sustained for 30 seconds with equal intervals between sets. Protocols without and with the Valsalva maneuver were applied in a random counterbalanced order, separated by 48-hour intervals. Hemodynamic responses were measured by photoplethysmography pre-exercise, during the stretching sets, and post-exercise.

RESULTS:

The effects of stretching sets on systolic and diastolic blood pressure were cumulative until the fourth set in protocols performed with and without the Valsalva maneuver. The heart rate and rate pressure product increased in both protocols, but no additive effect was observed due to the number of sets. Hemodynamic responses were always higher when stretching was performed with the Valsalva maneuver, causing an additional elevation in the rate pressure product.

CONCLUSIONS:

Multiple sets of unilateral hip flexion stretching significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, and rate pressure product values. A cumulative effect of the number of sets occurred only for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, at least in the initial sets of the stretching protocols. The performance of the Valsalva maneuver intensified all hemodynamic responses, which resulted in significant increases in cardiac work during stretching exercises.