Violent attacks on public figures by persons suffering from psychiatric disorders

In connection with two attempts on the lives of prominent politicians committed by mentally ill individuals during 1990 there occurred a marked increase in social distance towards the mentally ill among the German public. Even though the level of social distance subsided again during the 2 years following the attacks, it had not yet completely returned to its initial level by the end of 1992. The negative effects of these incidents on the attitude of the general public were able to be replicated on a regional level, after yet another violent attack by a mentally ill assailant in 1993, this time on the life of a famous female athlete.     

Sticky issue of adherence

The phenomenon of adherence, also known as compliance, is the vital link that allows effective medications to have the desired clinical effect when self-administered. It is often assumed that the population is generally adherent, but more than 50% of people with chronic illness do not take their medication as prescribed. We highlight how the terminology and language of non-adherence act to conceptualize adherence as a patient problem in a manner that is inadvertently judgmental, narrowly focused and clinically unhelpful. In contrast, knowledge of the dynamic nature of adherence promotes the conceptualization of adherence as the common problem that it is, where the responsibility for improving it lies primarily with the health professional. The example of asthma is used to highlight how individually focused clinical strategies can fit within a population perspective that, in its entirety, can be conceptualized as a framework of adherence-promoting strategies.     

活血化瘀系列方对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及机制研究

目的 :探讨活血化瘀系列方 (活血汤、活血益气汤、活血养阴汤 )对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 :采用大脑中动脉阻断法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型 ,缺血 6 0 min,再灌注 3d。观察药物对脑缺血再灌注引起的神经功能缺损症状及病理损伤的影响 ,检测脑组织一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性的变化和丙二醛 (MDA)含量的变化 ,免疫印迹分析 NMDA受体亚单位蛋白 NR1和内皮型 NOS(e NOS)的表达。结果 :活血化瘀系列方及尼莫地平能显著改善神经功能缺失症状 ,减小梗死体积和脑水肿面积 ,减少神经元损伤 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,组间没有显著性差异 ;活血化瘀系列方和尼莫地平不同程度降低脑组织内 NOS活性和 MDA含量 ,抑制NR1表达 ,增加 SOD的活性 ,但对 e NOS的表达均无明显影响。结论 :活血化瘀系列方对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用 ,其机制可能与降低脑组织内 NOS活性 ,降低 NR1的表达 ,减少 MDA含量和增加 SOD活性有关。     

基于病证结合的中药复方临床拆方研究

目的: 探讨基于病证结合的中药复方临床拆方疗效, 以期进一步阐明复方作用机理与证的病理机制。方法: 123例冠心病心绞痛病人随机分为血府逐瘀汤原方组、精制血府逐瘀组、药对配伍组、安慰剂组四组进行干预治疗。结果: (1) 四组心绞痛疗效经秩和检验依次为血府逐瘀组, 精制血府逐瘀组, 药对组, 安慰剂组(P < 0. 01);(2)四组血瘀气滞证证候疗效经秩和检验依次为血府逐瘀组, 精制血府逐瘀组, 药对组, 安慰剂组(P < 0. 01); (3)四组治疗后血脂及氧化低密度脂蛋白变化均无显著性差异(P > 0. 05)。(4)炎症指标: 血府逐瘀组、精制血府逐瘀组、药对组治疗后IL - 6均降低, 安慰剂组治疗后IL- 6升高, 经t检验有显著性差异( P < 0. 05)。四组间比较有显著性差异(P < 0. 05)。结论:(1)理法拆方可在一定范围内保持原方病证疗效, 随着复方配伍的改变, 复方功能靶向出现差异; (2)临床拆方研究对于明晰复方作用的物质基础, 研究#证?病理机制, 观察证% 方、方% 证的相互关系以及进一步加强中药复方的针对性, 提高中医药临床疗效有着切实意义。     

Psychopharmacological treatment and psychiatric morbidity in 390 cases of suicide with special focus on affective disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was, on the basis of data from health-care registers, to describe the adequacy of psychopharmacological treatment in suicides. METHOD: Data on consecutive suicides in a Danish County (Funen) in the period of 1 April 1991-31 December 1995 were identified in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register, the National Patient Register, the National Health Insurance and Odense University Pharmacoepidemiological Database. RESULTS: Twenty-five per cent of the suicides previously hospitalized due to affective disorders and 3% of the suicides without psychiatric hospitalizations at all, received an apparently adequate treatment with antidepressants the month before suicide. CONCLUSION: The most striking finding was the insufficiency of treatment with antidepressants in the group of suicides without psychiatric hospitalization, in particular in light of the fact that depression is assumed to be present in at least 50% of all suicides.     

探讨中医的治病方式

中药具有对症治疗和对证治疗双重属性,方剂具有对症候治疗和对证型治疗双重属性。方剂的对症候治疗是辨方症论治的依据,方剂的对证型治疗是辨证型论治的依据。辨方症论治属于经验医学的治病方式,而辨证型论治则属于理论医学的治病方式,两者均难以精通。建议在完全精通一种治病方式的情况下,再去掌握另一种。