Novel database for exposure to fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products

Exposure of fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products to the population can be determined by way of a detailed and robust survey. The frequency and combinations of products used at specific times during the day will allow the estimation of aggregate exposure for an individual consumer, and to the sample population. In the present study, habits and practices of personal care and cosmetic products have been obtained from market research data for 36,446 subjects across European countries and the United States in order to determine the exposure to fragrance ingredients. Each subject logged their product uses, time of day and body application sites in an online diary for seven consecutive days. The survey data did not contain information on the amount of product used per occasion or body measurements, such as weight and skin surface area. Nevertheless, this was found from the literature where the likely amount of product used per occasion or body measurement could be probabilistically chosen from distributions of data based on subject demographics. The daily aggregate applied consumer product exposure was estimated based on each subject’s frequency of product use, and Monte Carlo simulations of their likely product amount per use and body measurements. Statistical analyses of the habits and practices and consumer product exposure are presented, which show the robustness of the data and the ability to estimate aggregate consumer product exposure. Consequently, the data and modelling methods presented show potential as a means of performing ingredient safety assessments for personal care and cosmetics products.     

Rethinking the uncertainty of African swine fever virus contamination in feed ingredients and risk of introduction into the United States

Economically relevant pathogens, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), have been shown to survive when experimentally inoculated in some feed ingredients under the environmental conditions in transoceanic transport models. However, these models did not characterize the likelihood of virus survival under various time and temperature processes that feed ingredients undergo before they are added to swine diets. Here, we developed a quantitative risk assessment model to estimate the probability that one or more corn or soybean meal ocean vessels (25,000 tonnes) contaminated with ASFV would be imported into the United States annually. This final probability estimate was conditionally based on five likelihoods: the probability of initial ASFV contamination (p0), ASFV inactivation during processing (p1) and transport (p2), recontamination (pR), and ASFV inactivation while awaiting customs clearance at United States entry (p3). The probability of ASFV inactivation was modelled using corn and soybean (extruded or solvent extracted) processing conditions (times and temperatures), D-values (time to reduce 90% or 1-log) estimated from studies of ASFV thermal inactivation in pork serum (p1), and survival in feed ingredients during transoceanic transport (p2 and p3). ‘What-if’ scenarios using deterministic values for p0 and pR (1%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) were used to explore their impact on risk. The model estimated complete inactivation of ASFV after extrusion or solvent extraction processes regardless of the initial ASFV contamination probability assumed. The value of recontamination (ranging from 1% to 75%) was highly influential on the risk of one ASFV-contaminated soybean meal vessel entering the United States. Median risk estimates ranged from 0.064% [0.006%–0.60%; 95% probability interval (PI)], assuming a pR of 1.0%, up to 4.67% (0.45%–36.50% 95% PI) assuming a pR of 75.0%. This means that at least one vessel with ASFV-contaminated soybean meal would be imported once every 1563–21 years, respectively. When all raw corn was assumed to be contaminated (p0 = 100%), and no recontamination was assumed to occur (pR = 0%), the median probability of one vessel with ASFV-contaminated corn entering the United States was 2.02% (0.28%–9.43% 95% PI) or once every 50 years. Values of recontamination between 1% and 75% did not substantially change the risk of corn. Days of transport, virus survival during transport (D-value), and number of vessels shipped were the parameters most influential for increased likelihood of a vessel with ASFV-contaminated soybean meal or corn entering the United States. The model helped to identify knowledge gaps that are most influential on output values and serves as a framework that could be updated and parameterized as new scientific information becomes available. We propose that the quantitative risk assessment model developed in this study can be used as a framework for estimating the risk of ASFV entry into the United States and other ASFV-free countries through other types of imported feed ingredients that may potentially become contaminated. Ultimately, this model can be used to develop risk mitigation strategies and critical control points for inactivating ASFV during feed ingredient processing, storage, and transport, and contribute to the design and implementation of biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction of ASFV into the United States and other ASFV-free countries.     

A comparison between two powder compaction parameters of plasticity: The effective medium A parameter and the Heckel 1/K parameter

The purpose of the research was to introduce a procedure to derive a powder compression parameter (EM A) representing particle yield stress using an effective medium equation and to compare the EM A parameter with the Heckel compression parameter (1/K).     

Methodology for attainment of density and effective atomic number through dual energy technique using microtomographic images

Dual energy technique for computerized microtomography shows itself as a promising method for identification of mineralogy on geological samples of heterogeneous composition. It can also assist with differentiating very similar objects regarding the attenuation coefficient, which are usually not separable during image processing and analysis of microtomographic data. Therefore, the development of a feasible and applicable methodology of dual energy in the analysis of microtomographic images was sought.     

Granger因果分析1型糖尿病患儿静息态fMRI数据

目的 观察1型糖尿病（T1DM）患儿静息态fMRI双侧海马效应连接的变化。方法 对1型T1DM患儿（n=18,T1DM组）和健康儿童（n=13,对照组）行静息态fMRI数据采集,以双侧海马为ROI进行Granger因果分析。结果 与对照组比较,以左侧海马为种子点,T1DM组左侧海马对双侧额中回、岛盖部额下回、三角部额下回、中央后回、辅助运动区、脑岛、前扣带和旁扣带脑回、内侧扣带和旁扣带脑回、缘上回,左侧内侧额上回、中央前回,右侧背外侧额上回的外向流显著减弱;以右侧海马为种子点,T1DM组右侧海马对双侧辅助运动区、内侧扣带和旁扣带脑回,左侧的额中回、岛盖部额下回、三角部额下回、内侧额上回、中央后回、前扣带和旁扣带脑回、缘上回外向流显著减弱。结论 T1DM患儿海马功能可能受到损伤,导致额叶、辅助运动皮层、扣带皮层对海马信息的提取能力减弱;与右侧海马相比,左侧海马可能对认知处理的参与度更高;海马外向流减弱对T1DM相关认知损害具有早期警示作用。     

颌面部血管瘤患者应用平阳霉素加地塞米松治疗的临床效果

目的：分析平阳霉素联合地塞米松治疗颌面部血管瘤的临床效果。方法：将收治的100例颌面部血管瘤患者按照随机分配表的方式平均分为观察组和对照组,每组50例患者。观察组给予平阳霉素联合地塞米松治疗,对照组仅给予地塞米松治疗,比较2组患者临床治疗的有效率和不良反应的发生率。结果：观察组经过治疗后,临床治疗的总有效率明显高于对照组,具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;观察组的不良反应发生率明显低于对照组,具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论：平阳霉素联合地塞米松治疗颌面部血管瘤的临床效果优于单纯应用平阳霉素治疗颌面部血管瘤的临床效果,并且不良反应发生率低,建议广泛使用。     

囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子抑制药在分泌性腹泻中的应用研究进展

摘 要 分泌性腹泻威胁着全球健康,是儿童发病和死亡的主要原因之一。肠上皮细胞腔内Cl-通道激活导致肠道液体过度分泌是肠毒素引起腹泻的主要原因。在霍乱及其他细菌肠毒素引发的腹泻中,囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子（cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR）是主要的cAMP-调节Cl 通道,其主要功能是促进上皮细胞液体分泌。利用肠上皮细胞CFTR抑制药抗分泌性腹泻是一种新途径。已有的CFTR抑制药有噻唑啉酮类、甘氨酸酰肼类和喹喔啉二酮等。同时,从天然植物中提取分离的一些成分也具有CFTR抑制作用,但研究还不够深入。因此,对CFTR抑制药的研究进展进行了综述。     

金玄痔科熏洗散有效部位制剂的GC-MS指纹图谱研究

目的:对金玄痔科熏洗散及有效部位新制剂进行GC-MS分析,建立了有效部位新制剂的GC-MS指纹图谱。方法:采用GC-MS方法对金玄痔科熏洗散及有效部位新制剂中的主要组分进行分析,并确定指纹图谱中的特征指纹信息。结果:对10个批次的有效部位新制剂进行了测定,并得到了较为理想的包含特征信息的有效部位新制剂的GC-MS指纹图谱。结论:方法重复性好,所建立的指纹图谱为金玄痔科熏洗散有效部位新制剂的质量控制提供了有效手段。