加强保健措施 降低孕产妇死亡率的试点研究

经调查河南省七县1988～04～1989～03孕产妇死亡率为136.1/10万,高于全国平均水平(94.7/10万)。从七县中选择了死亡率偏高的三个县(147.9/10万)为样本.进行厂降低农村孕产妇死亡率保健措施的研究。自1990年4月1日～1992年3月31日。在三县采取了以下保健措施:①加强基层妇幼卫生建设,特别是中心乡卫生院的建设,②整顿和完善三级保健网;③建全孕产妇系统管理制度,高危妊娠筛查,转化和转诊制度,④配备必要设备,建立联合小产院,实行定点接生。两年内孕产妇死亡率,由1989年的147.9/10万下降到67.7/10万,下降幅度为54.44%,最高达72.1%。此工作为实现2000年孕产妇死亡率下降一半的规划目标提供了依据。     

Children's stories of hope: moving toward an expanded understanding of the world children live in

This qualitative study that allowed children to be the dominant voice examined children's stories of hope. Twenty-nine kindergarten children through to third graders were interviewed using familiar school items: story board, pictures, puppets, and so on. One elementary school, located in a large southwestern metropolitan city, was selected for this study. Data was coded and prominent themes emerged illustrating that children are much more moral than many adults give them credit for. Approximately one-half of the stories shared focused not on the children's wants or “hopes”, but on others - classmates, friends, family, or extended relatives. The findings support research that highlights the issues of care, concern, and compassion that are a priority for young children.     

儿童及少年期首发精神障碍患者的随访

目的了解儿童及少年期情感障碍和精神分裂症的临床特征.方法收集1984年至1999年之间在本院就诊患者中符合DSM-Ⅲ情感障碍和精神分裂症诊断的儿童及少年期首次发作病例64例,年龄5～17岁.入组时进行基线评定,然后长期随访.至随访结束,对两组疾病进行对照分析.结果58例（91%）完成随访,平均随访时间12.4年.儿童少年期入组诊断为情感障碍者36例,至成年随访结束时,92%诊断为情感障碍,8%诊断为精神分裂症;儿童少年期入组诊断为精神分裂症者22例,至成年随访结束时,32%诊断为情感障碍,68%诊断为精神分裂症.儿童少年期情感障碍患者在成年期诊断为精神分裂症者明显高于精神分裂症患者修改诊断为情感障碍（χ^2=22.852,P＜0.001）.儿童少年期精神障碍至成年期的诊断一致性较低（Kappa=0.62）.儿童及少年期发作的情感障碍与精神分裂症比较,起病年龄低、发作次数少、社会关系良好和较好的社会功能.情感障碍的精神症状多与精神分裂症重叠,但精神分裂症出现频率较高的情感不协调、注意力分散、关系妄想、情感迟钝、被洞悉感等症状,在情感障碍患者中始终未存在.结论儿童及少年期的情感障碍在症状学上与精神分裂症有许多相似之处,是导致误诊的重要原因.但儿童少年期精神分裂症存在的一些核心症状可能是两者鉴别诊断的症状学指标.     

Infant and Neonatal Mortality for Primary Cesarean and Vaginal Births to Women with “No Indicated Risk,” United States, 1998–2001 Birth Cohorts

ABSTRACT: Background: The percentage of United States’ births delivered by cesarean section has increased rapidly in recent years, even for women considered to be at low risk for a cesarean section. The purpose of this paper is to examine infant and neonatal mortality risks associated with primary cesarean section compared with vaginal delivery for singleton full‐term (37–41 weeks’ gestation) women with no indicated medical risks or complications. Methods: National linked birth and infant death data for the 1998–2001 birth cohorts (5,762,037 live births and 11,897 infant deaths) were analyzed to assess the risk of infant and neonatal mortality for women with no indicated risk by method of delivery and cause of death. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model neonatal survival probabilities as a function of delivery method, and sociodemographic and medical risk factors. Results: Neonatal mortality rates were higher among infants delivered by cesarean section (1.77 per 1,000 live births) than for those delivered vaginally (0.62). The magnitude of this difference was reduced only moderately on statistical adjustment for demographic and medical factors, and when deaths due to congenital malformations and events with Apgar scores less than 4 were excluded. The cesarean/vaginal mortality differential was widespread, and not confined to a few causes of death. Conclusions: Understanding the causes of these differentials is important, given the rapid growth in the number of primary cesareans without a reported medical indication. (BIRTH 33:3 September 2006)     

早、中期胃癌的临床病理学研究(附75例报告)

目的　了解早、中期胃癌的临床、胃镜和病理学特征。方法　回顾性分析我院 11年中经外科手术和病理诊断的 75例早、中期胃癌患者的临床、胃镜、外科手术和病理等方面资料。结果　早、中期胃癌临床表现无特征性 ,男女之比为 2 .41∶1,以 61～ 70岁最多 ,胃窦是其好发部位 ,病理组织学以管状腺癌为多 ,胃镜误诊率是 12 .86%,淋巴转移率是 2 5 .3 3 %。结论　早、中期胃癌有明显的好发年龄和好发部位 ,以管状腺癌为多 ,胃镜误诊的主要原因是不能鉴别病变的良、恶性和准确判断病变量 ,影响淋巴转移的因素是浸润深度、广度、肿瘤大小和年龄 ,而与性别、组织学的分化程度无明显关系。     

已婚育龄妇女9638例弓形虫感染检测结果调查分析

目的:了解已婚育龄妇女弓形虫感染情况及感染与不良生育的关系。方法:于2 0 0 1年5月至2 0 0 3年12月由我站对全县已婚育龄妇女进行查体,同时抽取血液,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(EL ISA)对弓形虫特异性抗体(TOX-Ig M、Ig G)进行测定。同时对筛查对象作有关情况调查。结果:本县已婚妇女弓形虫感染率6 .1%。与正常妊娠组比较,已婚未育组感染率差异有显著性(χ2 =4 .83,P<0 .0 5 ) ;异常妊娠组差异有极显著性(χ2 =16 .5 2 ,P<0 .0 1)且有动物接触史及有生食习惯者感染率明显高于无动物接触史及无生食习惯者(P<0 .0 1)。结论:弓型虫感染是引起不良生育的主要原因之一,建议已婚育龄妇女孕前加强筛查工作,早诊断、早治疗,确保生一个健康聪明的下一代。     

In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of human skin tumours

The feasibility of using in vivo autofluorescence for the diagnosis of skin cancer was evaluated. In vivo fluorescence measurements were performed on healthy human volunteers, and patients with different types of benign and malignant skin tumours. Fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence images were acquired. The excitation-emission matrix of normal skin (n=3) showed a broad peak at the shortest excitation wavelength (365 nm) and at 440 nm fluorescence wavelength, smoothly decreasing towards longer excitation and fluorescence wavelengths. Non-melanoma skin tumours (n=31) and control skin excited with 375 nm showed a broad fluorescence band from 400 to 700 nm, peaking around 436 nm. No significant differences in measurements between tumours and the corresponding control sites were found. A large spatial variation in the fluorescence intensity was observed both in the tumours and in the control sites. Standard deviations found ranged from 0.15 to 1.5 times the mean fluorescence. Fluorescence images, excited with 375 nm and taken with an image intensified CCD camera, on eight malignant melanomas and eight benign pigmented lesions did not indicate any fluorescence intensity distribution specific to the malignancy of the lesion. Neither the shape of the fluorescence spectra, nor the spatial distribution of the fluorescence intensity showed any signature specific to the histopathological nature of the lesions investigated. Optical diagnostics of skin tumours using the autofluorescence does not seem to be feasible at the present time.     

Erfahrungen zur PFFB von isolierten radiusköpfchenfrakturen

Zusammenfassung Den Vorteilen einer osteosynthetischen Versorgung einer Fraktur mit sofortiger Aufnahme seiner Funktion, stehen die aus der Literatur bekannten Komplikationen gegenüber. Diese und unsere eigenen unbefriedigenden Ergebnisse nach der operativen Versorgung von Radiusköpfchenfrakturen ließen uns zu einer prospektiven randomisierten Studie einer primär funktionellen Behandlung unter Verzicht auf eine äußere oder innere Stabilisierung greifen. Seit Dezember 1991 haben wir im UKH-Graz bis einschließlich Dezember 1992 insgesamt 70 Patienten nach einem strikten Behandlungskonzept, unter Zuhilfenahme der Computertomographie zur Verlaufsbeobachtung versorgt. Die in 91% der Fälle als sehr gut and gut einzustufenden Frühergebnisse sowie das fehlende Auftreten einer, wie bei operativer Versorgung möglichen Komplikation, ebenso die zusätzlich deutlich frühere Arbeitsfähigkeit bzw. deutlich kürzere, wenn auch aufwendigere Behandlungszeit, lassen uns diese Verfahren nicht nur in unserem Hans weiterführen, sondern können wir auch weiter empfehlen.

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Experience with internal fixation of fractures of the head of the radius

The advantages of internal fixation of fractures, with the possibility of immediate resumption of the function of the fractured bone, are in contrast to the well-known complications described in the literature. These complications and our own unsatisfactory results after surgical treatment of fractures of the head of the radius induced us to carry out a randomized prospective study of primary functional treatment of such fractures without external or internal stabilization. From December 1991 through December 1992, a total of 70 patients were treated according to a strict treatment protocol at the Graz Hospital for Accident Surgery, and CT was used for observation of the healing process. The positive early results, which in 91% of all cases were classified as very good or good, the lack of complications that sometimes follow surgical treatment, the markedly earlier recovery of the patient's working capacity, and the clearly shorter — albeit somewhat more expensive — treatment period required have led us to continue using this method at our hospital and also to recommend its use elsewhere.

     

Women's Health Medicine 3:3 (May-June 2006) Self-appraisal Women and the ovary

Women and the ovary: self-appraisal