The effects of competition and competitiveness on cardiovascular activity

Cardiovascular activity was measured at resting baseline and in response to a car racing game, undertaken in competition or in cooperation with an experimenter, or individually. Competitiveness and win and goal orientations were assessed by questionnaire. Competition provoked increases in blood pressure and heart rate, and a significant shortening of the preejection period, an index of enhanced beta-adrenergic influences on the heart. The cooperation task was largely without effect, and although the solo task affected cardiovascular activity, it did so to a lesser extent and much less consistently than did the competition task. The three task conditions, then, were largely distinguishable by their capacity to activate beta-adrenergic processes. Participants high in competitiveness and desire to win showed higher blood pressure reactions and greater shortening of the preejection period to competition than those low in these characteristics.     

Multidimensional behavioral effects of marijuana

Kelly Thomas H., Richard W. Foltin, Cleeve S. Emurian and Marian W. Fischman: Multidimensional Behavioral Effects of Marijuana. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. & Biol. Psychiat. 1990, : 885–902.

1. 1. Five groups of three healthy adult male volunteers (n = 15), all reporting occasional, controlled marijuana use, gave written consent and participated in residential studies lasting 6 to 15 days.

2. 2. Subjects smoked marijuana cigarettes (0 1.3 2.3 or 2.7% THC, w/w) at 0945, 1330, 1700 and 2030 every day, and each subject received both active and placebo marijuana cigarettes in 2–5 consecutive day phases, with placebo and active doses presented in an alternating fashion.

3. 3. In comparison with placebo, active marijuana produced a variety of effects on measures of human behavior, including in food consumption and errors on psychomotor tasks, in bouts of tobacco-cigarette smoking and verbal interactions and in rates of task performance, time spent under social conditions or social cooperation.

4. 4. Dimensions of human behavior were differentially sensitive to the effects of smoked marijuana.

5. 5. The simultaneous measurement of multiple dimensions of human behavior is a useful procedure for determining dose potency following marijuana administration.

构建我国药学类学科资源库联盟的策略

通过对国内外有关学科资源库文献与案例的学习,构建药学类学科资源库联盟的策略。从协作模式、平台建设、资源的采集与组织、存取政策的制定、版权问题、质量控制、资金来源等角度细探讨了及药学类学科资源库联盟的发展趋势。协作模式分为集中存储模式、分布采集模式和层级构建模式,平台构建则是在协作模式的基础上根据不同的协作模式,构建相对应的联盟平台。     

Cooperation of return-to-work professionals: the challenges of multi-actor work disability management

Purpose: This article explores which concrete factors hinder or facilitate the cooperation of return-to-work (RTW) professionals in a complex system of multiple stakeholders.

Method: The empirical material consists of in-depth interviews with 24 RTW professionals from various organizations involved in work disability management in Finland. The interviews were analyzed using thematic content analysis.

Results: The study revealed several kinds of challenges in the cooperation of the professionals. These were related to two partly interrelated themes: communication and distribution of responsibility. The most difficult problems were connected to the cooperation between public employment offices and other stakeholders. However, the study distinguished notable regional differences depending primarily on the scale of the local network. The main areas of improvement proposed by the interviewees were related to better networking of case managers and expansion of expertise.

Conclusions: The article argues for the importance of systematic networking and stresses the role of public employment services in the multi-actor management of work disabilities. The article contributes to existing work disability case management models by suggesting the employment administration system as an important component in addition to health care, workplace and insurance systems. The study also highlights the need for expansion of expertise in the field.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Cooperation between RTW professionals in public employment offices and other organizations involved in work disability management was considered inadequate.

• In order to improve the cooperation of RTW professionals, the stakeholders need to create more systematic ways of communication and networking with professionals in other organizations.

• There is a need to expand the expertise in work disability management and rehabilitation, partly by increasing the role of other professionals than physicians.

     

Biometrical evaluation of the performance of the revised OECD Test Guideline 402 for assessing acute dermal toxicity

A comprehensive biometrical assessment was conducted to compare the performance of multiple test designs for acute dermal systemic toxicity to support the animal welfare update to the original OECD Test Guideline (TG) 402 for acute dermal toxicity. The test designs evaluated included: (1) two, three, or five animals per dose group (2) evident toxicity or lethality endpoints and (3) absence or presence of a one-animal sighting study. The revision of TG 402 respected the 3R principles (replace, reduce, refine) of animal testing. The results demonstrate that the TG 402 test design can be optimised with reduced animal numbers per test group, such that a scenario of two animals per group following a sighting study at a starting dose of 200 mg/kg bw (unless further information is available to better define the starting dose) would provide a classification which in most cases is conservative, without compromising both the statistical ability of the study to assess dermal toxicity, or the relevant classification outcome.     

社会资本参与全民健康信息化建设的PEST-SWOT分析

目的：探索社会资本参与全民健康信息化建设的开展情况并提出发展策略,以期为卫生健康部门及社会资本开展全民健康信息化建设提供参考。方法：采用PEST-SWOT分析法,从政治、经济、社会和技术角度对社会资本参与全民健康信息化建设的优势、劣势、机会和威胁进行分析。结果：PEST-SWOT分析显示,社会资本参与全民健康信息化建设具有政策引导支持、市场规模巨大、社会资本充裕、信息技术先进等优势,但存在准入退出界限模糊、收益模式不够明确、融资渠道不畅、公众参与度不够及现有技术不能满足需求等劣势。国家加大支持力度、居民生活水平显著提高、智能终端和良好网络环境不断普及、人口老龄化程度加深、国内外有可借鉴经验为其发展提供了机会,同时面临着政策不稳定、医保相关政策不完善、居民信任度低、信息安全和隐私保护、标准化问题等威胁。结论：卫生健康部门与社会资本应充分利用各自的优势和外部机遇,从政治、经济、社会和技术等方面采取相应措施,化解内部劣势和抵御外部威胁,促进社会资本参与全民健康信息化建设。     

Cordocytes-Stem Cells Cooperation in the Human Brain with Emphasis on Pivotal Role of Cordocytes in Perivascular Areas of Broken and Thrombosed Vessels

Abstract

This study is based on data analysis by light and transmission electron microscopy of the surgical cases in cerebral tumors, cerebrovascular malformations, thromboses in the carotid system, and other injuries such as perivascular hemorrhage. We examined cortical arteries and veins, perivascular areas with old hematic masses, vasculogenic foci, and broken large vessels. We identified, characterized, and compared both undifferentiated cells and well-differentiated cordocytes within periadventitial areas where these cells cooperate very well with precursor/stem cells to perform vital functions for cerebral vasculature with immediate effect on brain parenchyma. This useful cellular cooperation was observed by serial sections pointing out the main role of cordocytes during the entire process of collateral vessel formation after thrombosis and, respectively, in vascular wall repair after ruptures. This is the first cytohistopathological study which illustrates and explains some facets of cordocytes-stem cells cooperation around the vessels of human brain with emphasis on the fundamental role of cordocytes in response to vascular injuries. Our pioneering study will be completed for both basic science and modern medical care by further studies.     

Just How Joint Is Joint Action in Infancy?

Joint action is central to countless aspects of human life. Here I examine the roots of joint action in infancy. First, I provide evidence that—contrary to popular belief—1‐year‐old infants do have the social‐cognitive prerequisites needed to participate in joint action, even in a relatively strict sense: they can read others’ goals and intentions, they have some basic understanding of common knowledge, and they have the ability and motivation to help others achieve their goals. Then I review some evidence of infants’ and young children’s active participation in different types of joint action, from prelinguistic communication to more instrumental collaborations with others, with a particular focus on whether young children show evidence of an understanding of the commitments and obligations entailed in joint action. I conclude that the uniquely human ability and motivation to participate in joint action is already seen in infants by 1 year of age.     

留置气管插管预防口腔颌面外科术后呼吸道梗阻的效果及护理

口腔颌面部手术常累及口腔及口底组织，术后局部组织肿胀可导致患者呼吸道梗阻。以往临床上为预防此类并发症，一直依赖气管切开术。随着医疗护理水平的提高，最小的创伤及最大的治疗获益已成为当今每一项治疗所追求的理想标准。自1999年以来，我院采用留置气管插管的方法，预防口腔颌面外科术后呼吸道梗阻的发生，取得良好的效果，现报道如下。     

Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy.

BACKGROUND: Psychopathy is a disorder involving a failure to experience many emotions that are necessary for appropriate social behavior. In this study, we probed the behavioral, emotional, and neural correlates of psychopathic traits within the context of a dyadic social interaction. METHODS: Thirty subjects were imaged with functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with human confederates who were outside the scanner. Subjects also completed two self-report psychopathy questionnaires. RESULTS: Subjects scoring higher on psychopathy, particularly males, defected more often and were less likely to continue cooperating after establishing mutual cooperation with a partner. Further, they experienced more outcomes in which their cooperation was not reciprocated (cooperate-defect outcome). After such outcomes, subjects scoring high in psychopathy showed less amygdala activation, suggesting weaker aversive conditioning to those outcomes. Compared with low-psychopathy subjects, subjects higher in psychopathy also showed weaker activation within orbitofrontal cortex when choosing to cooperate and showed weaker activation within dorsolateral prefrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex when choosing to defect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that whereas subjects scoring low on psychopathy have emotional biases toward cooperation that can only be overcome with effortful cognitive control, subjects scoring high on psychopathy have an opposing bias toward defection that likewise can only be overcome with cognitive effort.