基于神经营养因子探讨经颅直流电刺激对缺血性脑卒中患者的影响

目的 探讨经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对缺血性脑卒中患者的影响,以及与外周血神经营养因子的相关性。 方法 将40例缺血性脑卒中患者按随机数字表法分为对照组与治疗组,每组20例。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗及康复训练,治疗组在此基础上增加tDCS,强度2.0 mA,每次20 min,每日1次,共14次,对照组给予伪刺激。治疗前及治疗2周后（治疗后）,采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）、简易精神状态量表(MMSE) 、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对2组患者进行评估,用ELISA法测定外周血脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF）、神经生长因子(NGF）水平。 结果 治疗前,2组患者MBI、MMSE、HAMD、SDS评分及外周血BDNF、NGF水平比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,2组患者治疗后上述指标均改善（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,治疗组治疗后MBI评分［（68.00±14.81）分］、MMSE评分［（24.85±3.12）分］较高（P<0.05）,HAMD评分［（19.70±2.11）分］较低（P<0.05）,外周血BDNF水平［（108.20±36.96）pg/ml］、NGF水平［（2.90±1.03）pg/ml］较高（P<0.05）。 结论 tDCS可以有效改善缺血性脑卒中患者的认知功能,减轻抑郁症状,提高生活自理能力,其作用机制可能与神经营养因子水平升高有关。     

上肢机器人虚拟情景训练联合头针对脑卒中患者认知功能障碍的影响

目的 探讨上肢机器人虚拟情景训练联合头针对脑卒中后认知功能障碍的影响。 方法 选取脑卒中后认知功能障碍（PSCI）患者90例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组、头针组、综合组,每组30例。对照组给予常规认知和康复训练,头针组给予常规认知和康复训练联合头针治疗,综合组给予常规认知和康复训练、头针治疗和上肢机器人虚拟情景训练。治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）,采用简易精神量表（MMSE）和蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）评估3组患者认知功能,同时采用改良的Barthel指数（MBI）评估3组患者日常生活活动能力。 结果 治疗后,3组患者的MMSE评分、MoCA评分和MBI评分较组内治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）。头针组治疗后,仅MMSE评分和MBI评分显著优于对照组治疗后（P<0.05）。综合组治疗后的MMSE评分为（22.03±0.96）分,MoCA评分为（15.07±1.48）分,MBI评分为（73.10±8.45）分,均显著优于头针组和对照组治疗后（P<0.05）。 结论 上肢机器人虚拟情景训练联合头针可显著改善PSCI患者的认知功能,并提高其日常生活活动能力。     

Cognitive function in the Caerphilly study: Associations with age,social class, education and mood

Baseline cognitive function was established for a study of pre- symptomatic cognitive decline in 1870 men from the general population aged 55–69 years as part of the third examination of the Caerphilly Study. Cognitive assessment included the AH4, a four choice serial reaction time task, a modified CAMCOG, MMSE, NART and various memory tests. Distributions and relationships with age, social class, education and mood at time of testing are presented for a younger population than has previously been available. Multiple linear regression showed cognitive function to be independently associated with all four factors. The age effect was equivalent to one half of a standard deviation (SD) in CRT and AH4 scores. Only the NART score was not associated with age, supporting the use of NART score as an estimate of pre-morbid IQ. The largest age adjusted differences between men with low and normal mood were for the AH4 (3 points, t=5.6, p<0.0001) and the CAMCOG (2 points, t=5.8, p<0.0001). The smallest age adjusted effect of mood was for the CRT (33ms, t=2.14, p=0.32) and the MMSE (0.4 points, t=2.97, p=0.003). Age, mood and education adjusted social class effects were very large ranging between around 0.5 SD for the CRT, and 1.0 SD for the AH4 and NART, respectively. For educational status age, mood and social class adjusted differences were also substantial with tests for trend showing the largest differences for the NART (t=12, p<0.0001) and modified CAMCOG (t=10.6, p<0.0001) with the smallest differences for the CRT (t=2.73, p=0.006).     

Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: Assessment and correlates

A German version of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) was administered to 143 schizophrenic patients, 45 of them being severly chronic and disabled. Seventy-eight alcohol-dependent inpatients and 57 healthy volunteers were tested as control groups. Neurological soft signs (NSS) were rated with convincing agreement. Schizophrenic patients are more impaired on all scales than healthy controls. The chronic, severly disabled schizophrenic patients are more impaired compared with the main group of schizophrenic patients and both control groups. A significant patients and alcohol-dependent patients was only found for the subscale Motor Coordination. Compared with healthy controls the alcohol-dependent patients show a higher NES total score. The NES total score was related to the relative width of the third ventricle. Total score and subscales were correlated consistently with the level of cognitive functioning as measured by the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices and various neuropsychological tests presumably sensitive to dysfunctions of the prefrontal cortex. The NSS were related to positive as well as to negative symptoms, the correlations with negative symptoms being confined to items of Cognitive Disorganization. This close association of psychomotor and cognitive dysfunctions may be seen as related to the frequently discussed dysfunctions of the prefrontal cortex or the neurointegrative deficit postulated by Meehl.     

How do normal subjects learn a simple adaptative task: How and why do paranoid schizophrenic patients fail?

Summary The authors studied the behavior of normal subjects and paranoid schizophrenic patients in a simple problem-solving situation. The schizophrenics were divided into two sample groups, one of individuals under treatment and the other of individuals not under treatment.The learning process involved in this problem-solving situation is very similar to an instrumental conditioning, and can be understood by means of the following assumptions: (1) the subjects use decision functions in reacting to the stimuli, although they may be not fully aware of this; (2) learning is the result of successive transformations of these decisions in the course of time; (3) the changes have specific probabilities and are related to (a) those responses which are made to the latest stimuli, and (b) a differential probability for decision functions which were effective, or only interrupted painful reinforcement, or were completely ineffective.In schizophrenics further factors of importance were (1) an inertia factor and (2) the rigidly continued use of unsuccessful or only partially successful decision criteria.The authors used a systems theory based on Galois field theory and a calculus of operators specifying three groups of subjects. A computer program based on these hypotheses was tested in a simulation experiment.The statistical evaluation of the results showed a congruence between the theoretical approach and the experimental data.This work was carried out with financial support from the Institute de Alta Cultura, Lisbon, between 1970 and 1974     

Reversal learning deficits in young monkeys exposed to lead.

The reversal learning capacity of young rhesus monkeys in visual discrimination tasks was examined during daily exposure to dietary lead acetate throughout the first year of life. While not affected in physical development, all lead-treated monkeys showed performance deficits on reversal learning tasks. These deficits were independent of lead-induced changes in motivation. Over a series of problems, the overall learning rate of monkeys with blood lead concentrations in the range of 70-90 microgram/dl was retarded, which resulted partly from a pronounced difficulty in attaining criterion on the first of a series of reversals within a given problem. This latter deficit resulted from an increase in errors, balks, and total trials to criterion on the first reversal. Monkeys exposed to blood lead concentrations of 40-60 microgram/dl required significantly more trials to finish all problems, but did not show the first-reversal deficit. Theoretical implications of these data were discussed.     

A neuropsychological investigation of dementia in motor neurone disease (MND)

Different clinical criteria for diagnosing dementia were compared in a sample of 69 patients with motor neurone disease (MND). Participants’ performances on a computerised battery of neuropsychological tests were evaluated to assess the usefulness of these tests in predicting dementia in MND. The results indicated that when diagnostic criteria for frontotemporal (FTD) were used as part of a questionnaire method of diagnosing dementia the incidence of dementia in MND was considerably greater than traditional estimates suggest. Through a series of logistic and multiple regressions the results demonstrated that neuropsychological test performance related well to diagnostic classifications of dementia. MND patients with a clinical diagnosis of dementia were likely to demonstrate impaired new learning; poor working memory and planning; slowness in information processing and rigidity in thinking. These features, which are typical of cases of FTD, suggest that the dementia of MND is usefully characterised as a form of FTD. The finding that neuropsychological impairment correlated with behavioural features of dysexecutive impairment in daily living, indicates that the management focus in MND must be broadened to include cognitive/behavioural issues.     

论谓项量化、主项质化理论在语言逻辑中的价值与影响

哈米尔顿的谓项量化理论揭示了量化命题中的简单换位规律 ,突破了原有三段论的规则 ,增加了大量新的三段论式。德摩根的主项质化理论给传统的逻辑方阵增添了新的内容 ,八个命题之间存在着紧密的内在联系 ,谓项量化、主项质化命题有着广泛的思维空间和运用价值 ,且语言表达灵活多样。哈米尔顿和德摩根都对联项“是”作了深入研究、赋予新的内涵 ,给逻辑注入了新的活力。     

山东省6县（区）部分人群预防SARS行为调查分析

目的了解山东省不同地域居民SARS流行期生活行为及流行前后行为变化情况。方法选择城市和乡镇社区对于SARS传播和控制意义较重要的具有代表性的7个人群进行入户式现场调查。结果人们从个人卫生、公共卫生、提高身体素质、减少接触机会、维护生态平衡等多个方面约束或改进了个人行为。92.0%的被调查者认为非典流行促使自己改进了生活习惯。结论山东省人群非典期间采取预防行为的比率很高,为今后SARS、禽流感及其他呼吸道传染病的预防奠定了良好的基础。     

忘却我国公立医院应对变革的有效选择

从"忘却型医院"的概念入手,分析了我国公立医院"忘却"的必要性,并重点阐述了当前我国公立医院迫切需要忘却的主要因素,而后对忘却与学习的关系进行了辨析.