Redefining gastroesophageal reflux (GER)

Background: The detection of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has to date been limited to acid exposure observed on 24-h pH monitoring. It is clear, however that nonacid reflux can be a significant clinical problem. Recently, as impedance technology with the capacity to detect all types of reflux (acid, nonacid, liquid, mixed, and air) has been developed. Methods: Seventeen asymptomatic healthy volunteers underwent combined 24-h pH and impedance testing. In all patients, pH was measured at 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and simultaneous impedance changes were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, and 17 cm above the LES. Refluxes were classified as acid (drop in pH <4 for >5 sec), Nonacid, short acid, or nonacid delta based on chemical properties; they were further classified as liquid, mixed, or gas based on the physical refluxate detected by impedance changes. The height of the reflux entering the esophagus was classified as distal (<5 cm), intermediate (5–9 cm), or proximal (9–17 cm). Results: A total of 868 reflux events were characterized. Fifty-nine percent of them were not conventional acid reflux and could only be detected by impedance changes. Less than 2% of the events that were detected by a fall in pH to <4 were not detected by impedance changes. Pure liquid reflux was seen in 35.4%, a mixed pattern in 36.3%, and a gas reflux in 26.7%. Liquid was confined to the distal esophagus in 30%; it reached the midesophagus in 58% and the proximal esophagus in 11%. Conclusions: Over half of GER events are not detected by pH studies. Liquid reflux reaches the mid and proximal esophagus 69% of the time and gas nearly always does (92%). The additional information provided by impedance technology is likely to have a major impact on the understanding and clinical management of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Presented at the combined meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and the 8th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery, New York, NY, USA, 13–16 March 2002     

RP-HPLC测定心脑康胶囊中阿魏酸和葛根素的含量

目的：建立心脑康胶囊中阿魏酸和葛根素的RP—HPLC含量测定方法。方法：色谱柱为DIKMA-C18（250mm&#215;4．6mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-1％的冰醋酸（30：70），流速为1．0ml&#183;min^-1，检测波长为254nm，柱温为室温。结果：阿魏酸和葛根素的的线性范围分别为11．2-67．2μg&#183;ml^-1（r=0．9994），9．0～54μg&#183;ml^-1（r=0．9992），平均回收率分别为98．5％、98．2％，RSD为0．5％、0．8％（n=5）。结论：方法简便，结果准确，可作为心脑康胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC同时测定桂枝茯苓丸中的肉桂酸和丹皮酚

目的 建立桂枝茯苓丸中肉桂酸和丹皮酚的测定方法.方法 采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Phenomenex C18(250 mm × 4.6mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-水-冰醋酸(30:70:0.5),流速为1.0 ml·min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为274 nm.结果 肉桂酸和丹皮酚的线性范围分别为5.105～51.050 ng(r=0.9998)和97～970 ng(r=0.9998),平均回收率分别为97.6%(RSD=1.54%)和96.9%(RSD=1.73%).结论 所建方法准确、简便、快速,适用于桂枝茯苓丸的质量控制.     

蜂花前清茶对前列腺炎大鼠治疗作用的研究

目的探讨蜂花前清茶对前列腺炎大鼠的影响及其可能机制。方法通过对大鼠前列腺内注射金黄色葡萄球菌和角叉菜胶的方法,分别建立大鼠感染性和非感染性前列腺炎模型,以血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶活性、前列腺液中白细胞总数、卵磷脂小体密度以及前列腺组织中Zn含量的变化为指标,观察蜂花前清茶对两种病理模型的影响。TBARS法测定血清及前列腺组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)的含量,ORAC法测定抗氧化能力指数。结果蜂花前清茶可显著提高前列腺液中Zn含量和卵磷脂小体密度,降低白细胞总数,有效抑制血清酸性磷酸酶和MDA含量的升高,并能提高前列腺组织的抗氧化能力指数。结论蜂花前清茶对前列腺炎的抑制作用可能与其改善血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶活性、Zn含量及前列腺组织的氧化应激状态相关。     

洛汀烟酸缓释片中两组分的含量测定

目的建立复方洛汀烟酸缓释片中洛伐他汀和烟酸的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法，色谱柱为ODS柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相为水-乙腈-四丁基氢氧化铵（80．5：18：1．5）；检测波长为263nm；流速为1．0mL／min；进样量为20μL。结果洛伐他汀和烟酸的质量浓度线性范围分别为25～150μg／mL和25～250μg／mL，平均回收率分别为100．1％和99．22％，RSD分别为1．5％和1．37％。结论HPLC法准确可靠，简单可行，可用于复方洛汀烟酸缓释片的质量控制。     

左旋盐酸苯环壬酯片的含量及溶出度测定方法

目的：测定左旋盐酸苯环壬酯片的含量及溶出度。方法：采用溶剂萃取酸性色素比色法（BCG法）测定含量,λmax=414nm。溶出度以桨法测定,转速50r·min^-1,溶出介质为250mL0.1mol·L^-1盐酸溶液。结果：当左旋盐酸苯环壬酯浓度为2.0～10.0μg·mL^-1时,浓度与吸光度呈良好线性,回归方程：Y=0.0935X＋0.0021,R^2=1（n=3）,回收率为（98.76±1.55）%,RSD=1.57%（n=5）。片剂30min取样,主药溶出80%以上。结论：该方法简便、快捷、准确,与HPLC法含量测定结果基本一致,为该制剂的溶出度测定及片剂半成品快速测定提供了方法学依据。     

ACID LYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS IN NORMAL CHILDREN

Acid lysis of foetal red cells has been investigated by means of an automated procedure with the Fragiligraph. The time of red cells acid lysis is augmented in the first weeks of life and returns normal after the ninetieth day of life. The rate of acid lysis is normal only after the sixtieth day of life. The behaviour of the acid lysis is related to the disappearance of the foetal erythrocytes and to the presence of adult type of red cells.     

Organisches und anorganisches Phosphat im Skeletmuskel bei verschiedenen Körpertemperaturen

Summary It has been shown in a previous paper that the temperature has a marked eflect on the intracellular pH. It was suggested that a shift from organic to inorganic phosphate compounds and changes in the NAD/NADH₂ system possibly account for this effect. To test this hypothesis lactate, pyruvate, total phosphate, ATP, creatin phosphate and inorganic phosphate of skeletal muscle were determined in anaesthetized rats at a body temperature of 39.6 or 24.6°C. The artificial ventilation was kept constant. At the low temperature was lower and pH higher than at a normal temperature. There was no gross change, however, in the OH^–/H⁺ ratio. Neither the lactate/pyruvate ratio nor the phosphate compounds were affected by hypothermia. The effect of temperature on the intracellular pH therefore cannot be explained by changes in the intracellular phosphate compounds or by changes in the NAD/NADH₂ system.

     

Prevention of acid aspiration by H2-receptor antagonists

Summary Cimetidine, a histamine H₂-receptor-antagonist, was administered either as a single 400 mg dose perorally 10–12 h before operation, or in a 400 mg dose perorally 10–12 h before operation plus 200 mg intravenously 1–2 h before operation, in 63 patients awaiting general elective surgery. Distribution of patients showed a significantly greater number of patients with a pH >2.5 in cimetidine groups, as compared to controls only, if the whole time of anaesthesia is taken into consideration. Between the two cimetidine regimens there was no statistically significant difference. These findings suggest that cimetidine is not necessary as a routine pre-operative medication in general elective surgery.