基于网络药理学与动物实验探究桂花醇提物对慢性脑缺血神经损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 基于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)通路探究桂花醇提物抗慢性脑缺血性神经损伤的保护作用与机制。方法 借助文献检索、TCMSP、BATMAN数据库筛选桂花活性成分及靶点;OMIM、GeneCards疾病数据库检索疾病靶点。取交集靶点构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（protein-protein interaction,PPI）网络。借助DAVID数据库进行基因本体（gene ontology,GO）功能和京都基因和基因组百科全书（Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes,KEGG）通路富集分析,并建立“成分-靶点-通路”网络。采用右侧颈总动脉结扎法建立慢性脑缺血小鼠模型,随机分为假手术组、模型组、脑络通（195 mg/kg）组和桂花醇提物低、高剂量（125、375 mg/kg）组。采用旷场实验评价各组小鼠自发能力及探索行为;检测各组小鼠海马组织胆碱乙酰化酶（choline acetylase,ChAC）和胆碱酯酶（cholinester...     

基于网络药理学探究防风中生物活性成分及对类风湿关节炎的作用机制

目的 通过以网络药理学为基础的策略研究防风治疗类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis,RA）的分子生物学机制。方法 采用网络药理学方法收集防风活性成分和治疗RA的潜在靶点,并评估活性成分的药理和毒理学等相关参数;构建蛋白质相互作用网络筛选核心靶点,并通过生物信息学方法进一步验证核心靶点和疾病的关联;对核心成分和相应靶点进行分子对接。体外通过CCK-8实验、细胞迁移和侵袭、细胞凋亡、qRT-PCR和Western blotting分析,阐明别欧前胡素对MH7A细胞磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,Akt）通路的调控作用。结果 从防风中共鉴定出18种活性成分和66个与筛选出的RA疾病靶基因相交的潜在靶基因,最终获得了汉黄芩素、β-谷甾醇、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇和别欧前胡素等核心成分。防风治疗RA的潜在机制可能是通过调控PI3K/Akt、白细胞介素-17（interleukin-17,IL-17）、凋亡等信号通路和多种生物过程来实现,以发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用。分子对接证实了所有的核心成分和关键靶点均具有很好的对接活性。别欧前胡素抑制MH7A细胞的活力、迁移和侵袭（P＜0.05、0.01）,诱导细胞凋亡（P＜0.01）,并显著下调IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、基质金属蛋白酶-1（matrix metalloproteinase-1,MMP-1）和MMP-3的基因表达（P＜0.01）。分子分析表明别欧前胡素通过抑制PI3K/Akt通路发挥对MH7A的调控作用。结论 成功预测了防风治疗RA的有效成分和潜在靶点,为进一步探究其分子机制提供了新的理论基础。揭示了别欧前胡素通过PI3K/Akt通路抑制RA成纤维样滑膜细胞的活力、迁移、侵袭及细胞因子和MMPs的表达,并诱导细胞凋亡。     

槐定碱通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路诱导自噬抑制胰腺癌细胞增殖

目的 探讨槐定碱对胰腺癌细胞增殖及自噬的影响,并分析其机制。方法 MTT法分析Sw1990细胞增殖, MDC染色法检测细胞自噬水平,western blot检测细胞自噬相关蛋白、PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白表达水平,运用自噬抑制剂（3 - MA）研究自噬对细胞增殖的影响;裸鼠成瘤实验检测体内胰腺癌细胞增殖情况,并分析瘤组织中LC3 II、p - mTOR蛋白水平。结果 槐定碱抑制胰腺癌Sw1990细胞的增长,促进自噬小泡的形成,上调LC3 II/ LC3 I、Beclin - 1水平,下调p - PI3K、p - AKT、p - mTOR水平（P＜0.05）;与槐定碱40 μmol/L组比较,槐定碱40 μmol/L + 3 - MA 5 μmol/L组细胞抑制率升高,LC3 II/ LC3 I降低,p - mTOR蛋白水平升高（P＜0.05）; 40 mg/kg槐定碱下调裸鼠瘤体体积、瘤体质量,上调LC3 II/ LC3 I水平,下调p - mTOR蛋白水平（P＜0.05）。结论 槐定碱能抑制Sw1990细胞增殖,与调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路影响自噬有关。     

Akt对哮喘小鼠肺组织VEGF表达的上调作用

目的探讨在哮喘发病机制中,PKB/Akt对哮喘小鼠肺组织VEGF表达的调节作用。方法BALB/c小鼠30只,按随机数字表法均分为正常对照组、哮喘组、PKB/Akt阻断组,免疫荧光、Western blot方法检测各组小鼠肺组织VEGF的表达。结果免疫荧光结果显示:哮喘组肺组织内VEGF阳性产物的平均光密度(MOD)显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),而PKB/Akt阻断组与哮喘组相比,上述部位VEGF阳性反应产物的MOD值明显降低(P<0.05)。Western blot结果显示:与正常对照组比较,哮喘组小鼠肺组织内VEGF的IDV( integrated density value)与内参照IDV的比值均明显升高(P<0.01),而PKB/Akt阻断组上述部位IL-1β目标带的IDV与内参照IDV的比值均明显低于哮喘组(P<0.05)。结论在NGF介导的哮喘发病机制中,Akt能上调哮喘小鼠肺组织内VEGF的表达。     

Akt/PKB activation in gastric carcinomas correlates with clinicopathologic variables and prognosis

Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) plays an important role in cell survival. However, the role of Akt in the biology of gastric cancer has not been well studied. We sought to investigate the expression of Akt or phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in human gastric carcinomas and to analyze the relationship between Akt or pAkt and the clinicopathologic parameters. The expressions of Akt and pAkt were evaluated immunohistochemically in 311 gastric carcinomas using the tissue array method. Akt expression was detected in 74% of the tumors and pAkt expression in 78%. pAkt was highly expressed in the early stage of pTNM (p=0.011). We also found an inverse association between pAkt and lymphatic invasion (p=0.01) or lymph node metastasis (p=0.008). pAkt expression was significantly correlated with a higher survival in patients with stage I carcinomas (p=0.0003). Interestingly, combined evaluation revealed that the group with pAkt-positive and lymph node-negative carcinomas showed a better prognosis than the other groups (p<0.0001). In addition, pAkt was shown to correlate positively with APC (p=0.002) and Smad4 (p<0.0001) expression. These findings suggest that pAkt expression may help to predict the clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients.     

Study of platelet-rich fibrin promoting endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis induced by transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells

Diabetic patients are characterized by long wound healing time, and adipose stem cells (ADSCs) can secrete growth factors to promote angiogenesis and improve diabetic wound healing. In this research, we attempted to interrogate the impact of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on ADSCs in diabetic wound healing. ADSCs were harvested from human adipose tissues and identified through flow cytometry. After pretreatment with cultured medium supplemented with different concentrations of PRF (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%), proliferation and differentiation capacity of ADSCs were assessed by CCK-8 assay, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence (IF), respectively. Tube formation assay measured angiogenesis. Western blot analysis analyzed expression of endothelial markers and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and serine/threonine kinase (Akt) pathways in PRF-induced ADSCs. The CCK-8 experiment indicated that PRF enhanced proliferation of ADSCs in dose-dependent manner, relative to normal control group. The expression of endothelial markers and the capacity of tube formation were significantly promoted by 7.5% PRF. The release of growth factors containing vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from PRF was increased with the extension of detection time. When the receptors of VEGF or/and IGF-1 were neutralized, ADSCs differentiation into endothelial cells were obviously inhibited. Additionally, PRF stimulated ERK and Akt pathways, and the inhibitors of ERK and Akt attenuated PRF-induced differentiation of ADSCs into endothelial cells. In conclusion, PRF promoted endothelial cell differentiation and angiogenesis induced by ADSCs in diabetic wound healing, which appears to give guidance for treating patients.     

抑制生存传导路径可增加肿瘤细胞化疗敏感性

目的：研究抑制磷酸酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)／Akt生存传导路径是否可增加肿瘤细胞对一些化疗药物的敏感性。方法：采用Akt亚型特异抑制剂结合多柔比星(阿霉素ADM)或喜树碱治疗各种肿瘤细胞系；检测细胞凋亡蛋白激酶3活性，来定量评估细胞凋亡程度；免疫沉淀 Werstern印迹法测定药物对磷酸化各类Akt亚型的抑制作用。结果：①各类Akt亚型抑制剂可阻断Akt1或Akt2蛋白序列上的第308位点苏氨酸(pAkt^308)和第473位点丝氨酸(pAkt^473)磷酸化，并表现出相应的Akt亚型抑制特异性；②单独抑制某一类Akt亚型并不足以增加肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性，只有同时抑制Akt1和Akt2才能增敏药物对肿瘤细胞的杀灭效应；③药物的增敏效应可能和肿瘤细胞内源性PTEN脱磷酸酶的表达有一定的关联。结论：临床应用化疗结合PI3K／Akt生存传导路径抑制剂应选择具有阻断2种Akt亚型功能的药物以达到最大的肿瘤杀灭效应。     

Bisphenol a accelerates terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway.

In order to identify whether bisphenol A (BPA) acts as an adipogenic agent, following the hormonal induction of differentiation into adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells were treated for six days with BPA alone. Treatment with BPA increased the triacylglycerol (TG) content of the cultures, increased the percentage of Oil Red O-staining cells in the cultures, and increased the levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein (aP2) mRNAs. These findings indicate that BPA was able to accelerate terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into adipocytes. LY294002, a chemical inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), blocked completely the increasing effect of BPA on TG accumulation and expression of LPL and aP2 mRNAs. Western blot analysis revealed that BPA increased the level of phosphorylated Akt kinase. Based on these findings, we concluded that BPA acted through the PI 3-kinase and Akt kinase pathway, resulting in increased TG accumulation and expression of adipocyte genes. The structure-activity relationship for BPA-related chemicals was examined. Eight derivatives of BPA (three diphenylalkanes with different substituents at the central carbon atom, three diphenylalkanes with ester bonds on hydroxyl groups in the phenolic rings, one bisphenol consisting of a sulphur atom at the central position, one chemical with cyanic groups, instead of hydroxyl groups, in the phenolic rings) accelerated terminal adipocyte differentiation and their potencies to increase TG accumulation were 73-97% of that of BPA. Two diphenylalkanes with ether bonds on hydroxyl groups and two alkylphenols (4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol) did not have the ability to accelerate terminal adipocyte differentiation.     

Membrane depolarization-mediated survival of sympathetic neurons occurs through both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- and CaM kinase II-dependent pathways

It has been well established that the NGF-mediated survival of sympathetic neurons in culture occurs through the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway. In contrast, the mechanism by which membrane depolarization promotes neuronal survival independently of NGF remains unresolved. Here we show that LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, induced cell death of sympathetic neurons under depolarizing conditions with elevated K(+) (IC(50)= approximately 30 microM). Interestingly, lower concentrations of this agent (< or =10 microM) were sufficient to suppress Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473, a putative downstream target of PI 3-kinase, under these conditions. We also show that KN-62, a specific inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) suppressed depolarization-mediated survival in a does-dependent manner (IC(50)= approximately 2 microM) that paralleled attenuation of sustained levels of intracellular Ca(2+) evoked by depolarization. This IC(50) value is greater than that for CaMKII ( approximately 0.8 microM). These findings led us to hypothesize that depolarization-mediated survival occurs through both the PI 3-kinase/Akt and the CaMKII pathways. Indeed, combined treatment with LY294002 (25 microM) and KN-62 (0.5 microM) dramatically abolished depolarization-mediated survival, whereas each alone did not significantly attenuate it. Under these conditions, KN-62 neither impaired sustained levels of intracellular Ca(2+), nor inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt. It is thus likely that PI 3-kinase and CaMKII independently promote the membrane depolarization-mediated survival of sympathetic neurons in culture.     

PTEN功能调节的研究进展

PTEN是具有蛋白与脂质磷酸酯酶活性的双特异性磷酸酯酶,能特异地使磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5三磷酸3′位脱磷酸,抑制PI3K/Akt信号转导途径,从而在细胞的生长、分化、凋亡、迁移等方面起着重要的调控作用。PTEN的异常与多种人类肿瘤如子宫内膜瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌等的发生、侵袭及转移密切相关。在细胞中,PTEN功能受到蛋白表达、磷酸化、氧化以及膜定位等因素的调节。该文就PTEN调节的分子机制作一综述。