坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎阑尾切除术后腹腔残余脓肿防治的体会

目的总结坏疽穿孔性阑尾炎阑锁阑尾切除术后发生腹腔残余脓肿(PAIAA)的原因及防治体会。方法对2003年-2006年7月共763例阑尾切除术,其中75例坏疽穿孔阑尾炎,术后5例发生腹腔残余脓肿的临床资料行回顾性分析。结果5例病例均治愈出院,3例经抗感染保守治疗脓肿逐渐吸收而愈,2例手术引流后治愈。结论坏疽穿孔阑尾炎术后易发生腹腔残余脓肿,术中术后的正确处理是可以减少阑尾术后腹腔残余脓肿的发生。     

Use of amniotic grafts in the repair of gastroschisis

This article describes the use of amniotic grafts (AG) in the repair of large abdominal wall defects in newborns with gastroschisis. From 1988 to 1995, 22 newborns with gastroschisis underwent surgical repair. In 12 primary closure (PC) was performed; in 10 the abdominal wall defect was covered with an AG. A double layer of AG was used and the graft was additionally covered with a silastic silo in 8 cases. The overall mortality was 14%; 3 children died from necrotizing enterocolitis or sepsis after AG. However, the difference in mortality of newborns with PC versus AG was not statistically significant. Patient characteristics, the postoperative courses, nd the frequency of complications were similar after PC and AG. It is concluded that AG has no negative impact on the postoperative course and yields a low overall mortality. In our opinion there are several advantages in using the AG technique: it is an autoplastic material that is readily available without costs, reefing and removal is unnecessary, and there is a potentially low rate of adhesions.     

Early and late onset bacteremia have different risk factors in trauma patients

Objective The aim of this study was to identify risk factors and to describe epidemiological patterns for early—(EOB) and late—onset bacteremias (LOB) after trauma.Design A prospective study conducted on 141 consecutive trauma patients.Setting A general intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital.Patients All multiple trauma patients admitted to our general intensive care unit (ICU) from December 1990 to May 1992 were prospectively enrolled in the study. The following information was collected for each patient and recorded in a computer database: demography, severity of trauma according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), severtity of trauma according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), presence of pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, rib fractures, hemothorax, and abdominal trauma, use of mechanical ventilation, and placement of central venous catheters. Bacteremias were defined as EOB when onset occurred within 96 h after trauma, and as LOB when appearing after 96 h from trauma.Results Thirty-seven patients developed bacteremia during their ICU stay (26%): 11 (29.7%) EOB and 26 (70.3%) LOB. Gram-positive cocci were isolated more frequently in EOB than in LOB (x ²=4.1,P=0.04). The risk of EOB was significantly increased by the presence of pulmonary contusion [relative risk (RR) 15.0; confidence interval (CI) 1.99-113.25], pneumonia before the onset of bacteremia (RR 3.56; CI 1.17-10.69), AIS score greater than 32 and an abdominal injury score greater than 9 (RR 3.11; CI 1.02-9.49), while intravascular catheters and mechanical ventilation did not represent risk factors for EOB. LOB had a very different pattern and their risk was significantly increased by exposure to intravascular catheters (RR 4.96; CI 1.23-19.94) and to mechanical ventilation lasting more than 7 days (RR 3.6; CI 1.6-8.1).Conclusions Scoring with the AIS of the abdominal and thoracic trauma at admission to the ICU appears a useful tool for identifying trauma patients at increased risk of EOB. A rigorous policy of catheter placement and maintenance as a means of reducing late bacteremias in trauma patients is essential.     

Management of abdominal sepsis

Introduction: Today the management of the different forms of peritonitis is generally standardised. The classification of primary and secondary peritonitis is well accepted. From a pathophysiological point of view, postoperative and post-traumatic peritonitis should be considered as independent entities. The bacteriological isolates from the inflamed peritoneal cavity do not correlate with the clinical course, and the occurrence of enterococci and bacteroides may be slightly related to ongoing infectious complications. Classification: Valuable scoring systems mainly rely on systemic signs of the septic disease and seem to better differentiate the prognosis of the disease than more surgically oriented scores do. Although the scoring systems did not allow any clinical decision, they should be used to help better compare patients treated in different institutions. The observation of the minor relevance of bacteriology and the superiority of general sepsis scores agrees with the fact that pre-existing septic organ dysfunction and pre-existing comorbidity are the main determinants of mortality. Treatment: Surgical therapy focuses on the control of the source of infection because it has been clearly shown that, without resolving the source of infection, the prognosis remains poor. Adjuvant surgical measures aim at the further reduction of the bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity. Planned relaparotomy, relaparotomy on demand, and continuous closed peritoneal lavage are used. Results: Clinical results proved these methods to be equally effective although pathophysiological considerations favour closed peritoneal lavage. Conclusion: Summarising the available data, we need a more sophisticated understanding of the pathophysiology of the peritonitis, and well-designed clinical studies are necessary to define the optimal surgical treatment modalities. Received: 27 November 1997     

Abdominal vagotomy attenuates interleukin-1β-induced nitric oxide release in the paraventricular nucleus region in conscious rats

Nitric oxide (NO) has recently been shown to modulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We measured levels of nitrite (NO₂⁻) and nitrate (NO₃⁻) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) region using an in vivo brain microdialysis technique in conscious rats. Intraperitoneally administered IL-1β produced a significant increase in both NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻ levels in the PVN region. We also examined the possible involvement of the abdominal vagal afferent nerves in this effect. In abdominal-vagotomized rats, the increase was significantly attenuated compared to that in sham-operated rats. Our results suggest that the abdominal vagal afferent nerves are involved in intraperitoneally administered IL-1β-induced NO release in the PVN region.     

Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumor presenting as an acute abdomen after trauma

The intraperitoneal mass most commonly encountered after blunt abdominal truama is a hematoma. However, one must also consider unusual bulky tumors that can have imaging characteristics similar to those of hematoma. The most typical of these neoplasms is lymphoma, but a desmoplastic small cell tumor also may be observed. The presentation and imaging findings of a desmoplastic small tumor are described.     

紫癜性肾炎患儿肠道菌群变化及临床意义研究

背景目前国内外关于过敏性紫癜（HSP）患儿肠道菌群变化的研究数量有限,且尚未见关于紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿疾病早期肠道菌群变化的相关报道。目的 探讨HSPN患儿肠道菌群的变化及其在疾病发生、发展中的作用。方法 于2019年7—9月选取郑州大学第一附属医院儿科收治的37例HSP初治患儿作为试验组,另外同时选取12例健康志愿儿童作为对照组;并对HSPN患儿随访6个月,根据有无肾损伤进一步分为无肾损伤试验亚组13例和肾损伤试验亚组24例。收集HSP患儿与健康儿童的一般资料及粪便标本,应用高通量测序技术对所有研究对象的肠道菌群进行测序及分析,采用Alpha多样性（Shannon指数、Chao1指数、ACE指数）分析探讨样本内的微生物群落的丰度和多样性,通过主坐标分析（PCoA）来探究不同组别间群落结构的差异,利用线性判别分析及影响因子（LEfSe）分析找到组间差异显著的物种。结果 Alpha多样性分析显示,三组研究对象Shannon指数、Chao1指数、ACE指数比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。PCoA显示,三组研究对象肠道菌群群落结构均有差异（P<0.05）;Adon...     

Radiologic search for embolized leaflets of prosthetic heart valves: A report of two cases

In a radiologic search for embolized leaflets of Edwards-Duromedics bileaflet valves in 2 patients, the embolized fragments were localized in the iliac vessels using computed tomography. Sonography was successful in one case and standard X-ray films of the abdomen were negative in both cases.In vitro investigations with Björk-Shiley and Edwards-Duromedics leaflets suggested that standard X-ray films of the abdomen and pelvis should be considered as the first investigational technique. If negative, computed tomography of the lower abdomen should be done.     

女性腹部脂肪抽吸手术前后焦虑抑郁状态调查

目的探讨女性腹部脂肪抽吸手术前后焦虑、抑郁情绪反应的发生率及变化情况。方法采用焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对行腹部脂肪抽吸女性病人76例及随机抽取正常青年女性104人为调查对象。结果术前焦虑状态、抑郁状态发生率分别为28.96%、23.67%,术后焦虑状态、抑郁状态发生率分别为23.69%、18.40%,分别与对照组比较均存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）,手术前后焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评分比较,术后焦虑量表评分明显低于术前（P〈0.05）,高于对照组（P〈0.05）,而术后抑郁自评量表与术前比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论女性腹部脂肪抽吸手术前普遍存在焦虑、抑郁情绪障碍,在病人术前和术后应加强心理干预。     

海水浸泡伤大鼠胃黏膜和血浆中神经激肽A和降钙素基因相关肽的动态变化

目的： 观察腹腔海水浸泡伤后大鼠胃黏膜和血浆中神经激肽A（NKA）和降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）水平的动态变化，以探讨感觉神经肽在急性胃黏膜病变中的作用。方法：32只SD大鼠随机分成正常对照组和腹腔浸泡伤组，后者又分为1 h、2 h、3 h 3组，取大鼠胃黏膜和血浆，采用酶标法和放免法测定胃黏膜和血浆中NKA和CGRP水平。结果：随着浸泡时间的延长，腹腔浸泡伤组大鼠胃黏膜NKA和CGRP水平进行性低于正常大鼠（P<0.05），而血浆NKA和CGRP水平进行性高于正常大鼠。结论：海水浸泡伤是一损伤性因素，可引起胃黏膜中NKA和CGRP水平降低、血浆中NKA和CGRP水平升高，提示NKA和CGRP等感觉神经肽在急性胃黏膜病变发生发展过程中可能有重要作用。