补阳还五汤化裁临证举隅

补阳还五汤出自清代名医王清任<医林改错>一书,为治疗气虚血瘀所致之中风代表方,临床应用非常广泛,后世医家不断扩大其运用范同,效验颇多.     

青少年前牙外伤的临床分析与治疗

目的:探讨青少年前牙外伤的临床分析与治疗,旨在更好地指导青少年的口腔保健。方法:选青少年前牙外伤病例132例,其中男性80例,女性52例,对患者的牙外伤进行检查,分析其外伤类型、外伤原因、外伤后就诊时间等。结果与结论:应该加强社会对青少年保健知识的普及,防止牙外伤的发生。     

Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system (Diametrics Company, British); CMA/100 micro-injection pump (Carnegie Company, Sweden). METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups: the normothermia group (control group, n =10) and moderate hypothermia group (n =10). ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure (MEP), and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), HCO3–]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, CPP=MAP(ICP), brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), HCO3– and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33–35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS: All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation: In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [(3.31±1.19), (5.33±0.95) kPa, P < 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [(12.03±1.73), (10.59±2.01) kPa, P < 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [(7.03±1.63), (9.40±1.30) kPa, P < 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [(34.9±0.3), (37.2±0.2) ℃, P < 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group: There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.     

外伤性脑梗死的综合治疗（附36例报告）

目的探讨外伤性脑梗死发病机制、临床特点及诊治。方法综合国内外文献加以阐述。结果外伤性脑梗死并非少见。颅内压增高、脑缺血、伤后止血剂应用是发生脑梗死的主要原因。结论及时降低颅内压，维持收缩压正常，避免抗纤溶药物应用是减少外伤性脑梗死的有效措施。     

外伤性脑梗死的CT诊断

目的总结外伤性脑梗死的CT特征,探讨其发生机制,揭示其对疾病预后的判定价值。方法回顾性分析40例外伤性脑梗死患者头颅CT表现及相关临床资料。结果轻微外伤引起的脑梗死多发于儿童,好发部位为基底节内囊区,预后较好;重症外伤引起的脑梗死好发于成人,发病部位多见于颅内血肿同侧,且大脑后动脉支配区域最为多见,预后较差。结论CT扫描对外伤性脑梗死的诊断及预后判定有重要价值。     

损伤控制性手术在胰腺外伤中的应用

损伤控制性手术（damage control surgery，DCS）是近年来倍受关注的外科治疗原则，是一种复杂外科问题应急分期处理的理念。临床实践业已证明，DCS的合理应用可以有效降低复杂创伤病人的病死率。本文就近年来国内外相关进展结合笔者的临床实践，对DCS在胰腺外伤中的应用作一介绍。     

胸外伤76例临床救治体会

目的总结76例胸外伤患者的诊治经验。方法回顾分析2003年3月至2008年3月收治的76例胸外伤患者的临床资料。结果76例患者中70例经治疗后痊愈，治愈率92．11％；死亡6例，死亡率7．89％，其中1例为大血管损伤，2例死于重度颅脑损伤，2例死于呼吸循环衰竭，1例死于多器官功能不全。结论及时准确的诊断和正确的治疗方法是成功救治胸外伤患者的关键。     

外伤后胸部摄影的新方法

外伤病人中、胸部创伤最为常见、也是造成病人死亡的重要原因，而且往往为复合损伤，常伴有肋骨骨折（单发或多发）、气胸、气肿、血胸、肺内出血，气肿中包括皮下、纵膈的气肿。胸部普通X线摄片因为直接简便、诊断快捷、费用低常被外科用作首选，但是由于患者病情往往危重，不允许采取更多摄片体位进行放射性检查，如果能一张胸部正位或加一个斜位就能解决诊断问题，而且比较准确。常规正位胸片，对肺内胸腔显示虽较满意外，两侧肋骨的侧缘（腋段）部相互重叠，会影响该部骨折的诊断，现根据多年的投照经验将这一投照方法介绍如下：     

不悬吊单开门颈椎管扩大成形术78例临床观察

目的 动态观察不悬吊单开门椎管扩大成形术疗效,评价其效果.方法 按照颈椎病脊髓功能状态评定40分法和美国脊髓损伤协会(ASIA)脊髓损伤的神经和功能分类标准对脊髓型颈椎病和外伤性四肢不全瘫手术前后临床结果评分对照;对椎管矢状径和颈椎稳定性进行放射学随访测量.结果 颈椎病术前平均分为21分,术后33分;外伤性四肢不全瘫进步1～2级;椎管矢状径增加4～5 mm,除术前自身存在不稳征外,影像学检查未发现畸形或不稳征,1例因明显颈部外伤发生关门外,未见关门发生.扩大椎管少数轻度塌陷,但不影响疗效.结论 不悬吊颈椎管扩大成形术技术上简便、安全,并发症少,适用于各种病例,甚至老年人.     

重度颅脑伤患者下呼吸道双重感染的治疗

目的：研究重度颅脑伤后下呼吸道双重感染的相关因素及防治。方法：对CCS≤8分的428例重度颅脑外伤发生下呼吸道双重感染病例进行相关危险因素统计分析：并对CCS≤8分248例重度颅脑伤进行前展性预防下呼吸道双重感染。结果：428例中有22例发生下呼吸道双重感染，原发伤重、高龄、营养状况差是患者自身的危险因素；治疗中可能引起下呼吸道感染的因素如手术人工气道或机械通气及时间长短，广谱抗生素，大剂量激素的应用及应激性高血糖等均是引起双重感染的医源性危险因素；预防治疗后可明显减少下呼吸道双重感染率。结论：加强对高龄患者的监测，迅速、合理处理原发伤及应激性高血糖，加强营养支持，确切掌握人工气道，机械通气应用指标，合理应用抗生素及激素是防治双重感染的关键。