Neonatal social isolation alters both maternal and pup behaviors in rats

The development of emotional behavior is dependent on the early experiences of the infant and the quality of maternal care. In these experiments, the effects of social isolation during the preweaning period on both pup behavior and maternal responsivity were examined. In the first study, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) emitted after brief maternal separation was measured in neonatal rats with differing histories of social isolation. The social isolation procedure consisted of 5 days of daily separation from the dam and littermates for either 3 or 6 hr. At both ages tested, socially isolated pups vocalized significantly less than control pups. In the second study, the effects of prior isolation either daily for 5 previous days (Chronic Isolation) or for 4 hr prior to testing (Acute Isolation) were examined in a T-maze choice test. Pup vocalizations in the presence of the dam and dams' maternal behavior were assessed. When the dam was confined to the start box or during the maternal free access period, both Chronic and Acute Isolates vocalized less than pups that had never left the home nest. Dams spent more time with and licked and groomed more frequently and for a longer time both Chronic and Acute Isolates compared to pups that had always been with dams in the home nest. These results suggest that early isolation experience can alter subsequent responses to separation stress in neonatal rats and that maternal behavior is sensitive to the prior experiences of offspring.     

输尿管下段息肉的超声诊断价值

目的探讨超声诊断输尿管下段息肉的临床应用价值。方法对12例经输尿管镜或膀胱镜检查、病理检查证实为输尿管下段息肉（其中男性8例,女性4例,年龄17～60岁,平均年龄32.6岁;病程1个月～4年。左侧9例,右侧3例,合并输尿管结石4例,膀胱结石2例,肾结石1例,息肉自输尿管口部分脱入膀胱4例,随输尿管喷尿节律性脱入膀胱2例）的患者超声及临床资料进行回顾分析。结果超声对输尿管下段息肉的诊断符合率为58.3%（7/12）。误诊为输尿管癌3例,膀胱肿瘤2例,误诊率为41.7%（5/12）。其中合并输尿管结石4例,膀胱结石2例,肾结石1例。病理诊断为炎性增生性息肉9例,纤维性息肉3例。结论超声是输尿管下段息肉的首选筛查方法,对合并阴性结石、逆行造影困难、碘过敏者更具有价值。     

Ultrasonic vocalizations and maternal-infant interactions in a rat model of fetal alcohol syndrome

When isolated from their dams and littermates, rat pups emit ultrasonic vocalizations to elicit attention and retrieval from their dams. This study examined the effects of perinatal alcohol exposure on ultrasonic vocalizations and maternal-infant interactions. Alcohol was administered throughout gestation to the dams and during the early postnatal period to the pups. Control groups consisted of a nontreated control and an intubated, pair-fed control. Ultrasonic vocalizations were measured on postnatal day (PD) 5 under varying conditions of isolation. Maternal behaviors were examined on PD2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Maternal behaviors were not significantly affected by prior alcohol administration to either the dams or the pups. However, ethanol-exposed rat pups vocalized more on PD5 than controls regardless of condition. The heightened vocalization response of the ethanol-exposed pups might be an underlying factor in the persistent effects of perinatal ethanol exposure on social behavior.     

Effects of different speeds of induction with sevoflurane on the EEG in Man

The effects of two kinds of induction speed of sevoflurane anesthesia on the EEG pattern were compared in the same individual using medical student volunteers: a first exposure of 4% was given, followed after full recovery, by incremental doses of 1, 2 and 4% successively, each being administered for 10min. The arterial blood level of the anesthetic was measured using gaschromatograph. The changes of EEG pattern during fast induction with 4% were not represented by the abbreviation of those observed during the slow induction with the incremental doses. The administration of 4% induced a sudden appearance of high voltage, rhythmic slow waves of 2–3Hz at 1–3min when the arterial blood anesthetic level increased maximally, which was then followed by a pattern of faster activities of 10–14Hz mixed with 5–8Hz slow waves. In contrast, the administration of incremental doses induced an increase in frequency and amplitude of EEG activities in the light plane, followed by their decreases in deeper planes. The final EEG patterns were identical for both these methods of induction. These findings confirmed our previous hypothesis that not only the arterial blood level of anesthetics but the rate of its increase are important factors determining the EEG pattern of anesthesia.(Avramov MN et al.: Effects of different speeds of induction with sevoflurane on the EEG in man. J Anesth 1: 1–7, 1987)     

超声实时显象诊断胎儿畸形(附125例分析)

产前应用B型超声诊断胎儿畸形125例,经临床观察,诊断符合率为97.6%,本文介绍了各种胎儿畸形的超声声象图的特点,认为精通胎儿解剖学,熟悉正常形态,超声检查全面、仔细观察,部分畸形产前多能做出诊断。     

Are eye movement evoked potentials different from pattern reversal evoked potentials?

The averaged lambda wave elicited by saccadic eye movements across a checkerboard pattern has been reported to differ from checkerboard reversal evoked reponses, even when the electroencephalographic responses were corrected for the artefact caused by the movement of the dipole moment of the eye itself. Because of these differences it was suggested that the recording of the lambda wave might provide extra information in pathological circumstances. We performed experiments in which the parameters of the pattern (high contrast checkerboard pattern, 20 checks, large field 72 × 72 degrees) shift across the retina were carefully adjusted. For instance, eye movements were made across an integer and odd number of checks in order to mimic the pattern reversal. Furthermore, the timing of the pattern movement in the pattern reversal condition was adjusted so as to simulate the saccadic eye movement. The results seem to suggest that the reported dissimilarities between pattern reversal and eye movement evoked responses can be accounted for by the small differences of the retinal shift in the two conditions.     

超声引导下肾囊肿的治疗

目的：通过超声的引导,对肾囊肿采取精确定位穿刺治疗,从而使肾囊肿的治疗更为简便有效。方法：从1995年以来的肾囊肿患者中选取12例单纯性肾囊肿患者,在穿刺探头引导下,对肾囊肿进行穿刺注射无水乙醇治疗,并在术后3－12个月进行随访。结果：治疗后3个月治愈率41．7％,6个月66．7％,12个月治愈率83．3％,有效率100％,无并发症发生,结论：超声引导穿刺治疗肾囊肿方法简便,安全可靠,痛苦小,治愈率高,值得向广大基层医院推广。     

二维超声诊断胎儿脐带绕颈136例分析

目的 了解胎儿脐带绕颈时对胎儿安危及窘迫和缺氧的影响程度。方法 采用日本Aloka-630型超声诊断仪,孕妇孕周为28-42周。结果 二维超声诊断胎儿脐带绕颈136例,经分娩证实129例。符合率94.85%。结论 二维超声诊断与分娩后证实比较,超声是诊断脐带绕颈的可靠方法之一。为分娩方式提供依据。     

茶皂素为乳化剂制备黄芩苷纳米乳及其促小鼠毛发生长的药效学研究

目的 以茶皂素为天然乳化剂制备黄芩苷纳米乳（baicalin nanoemulsion,Bai-NE）,并探究其对C57BL/6小鼠毛发生长的促进作用。方法 采用超声乳化法制备Bai-NE,利用单因素实验法对Bai-NE的处方和制备工艺进行优化,并对最优处方和工艺制备的Bai-NE进行理化性质和稳定性考察。以C57BL/6小鼠为研究对象,评价Bai-NE对毛发生长的促进作用。结果 Bai-NE的最佳处方为茶皂素用量为0.5%,油相用量为5%,最佳制备工艺为超声功率180W,超声时间10min,超声次数1次。制得的Bai-NE为O/W型乳液,外观均一,平均粒径为（225.1±0.6）nm,多分散指数（polydispersity index,PDI）为0.082±0.031,载药量为1.10mg/g,pH值为7.25±0.20。稳定性结果显示,Bai-NE具有良好的离心稳定性和储存稳定性。Bai-NE能显著促进C57BL/6小鼠的毛发生长。结论 茶皂素可作为一种潜在的天然乳化剂用于Bai-NE的制备,制备的Bai-NE对C57BL/6小鼠的毛发生长有促进作用。     

超声辅助大孔树脂技术富集荆芥穗中总黄酮和总酚的工艺研究

目的 通过超声辅助大孔树脂对荆芥穗Schizonepetae Spica水提物中总黄酮和总酚类化合物进行富集并对比处理前后化合物含量及活性变化。方法 从7种不同类型树脂中筛选超声辅助最佳树脂型号,在吸附动力学和吸附热力学研究下,对超声温度、功率、上样质量浓度及解吸溶剂百分比等影响因素进行工艺优化。测定了优化处理前后各成分含量及活性变化。结果 动力学和热力学的研究表明,荆芥穗总黄酮适用于Langmuir模型,且吸附过程为自发吸热熵增,总酚则为自发放热熵减并适用于Freundlich模型,据此不同的吸附机制优化了2类成分同时富集的最佳工艺,在超声辅助AB-8大孔树脂,温度25 ℃、时间2.5 h,功率150 W,上样质量浓度0.1 g/mL,70%乙醇解吸附的过程下,荆芥穗水提物中总黄酮和总酚类化合物含量增加2～3倍,其单体成分的含量及抗氧化和神经氨酸酶抑制活性均显著增加。结论 超声辅助大孔树脂技术为荆芥穗总黄酮和总酚类成分的有效可行富集技术。