Extra-hypothalamic afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus area of the rat as determined by retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques

To detect neuronal cell bodies whose axon projects to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus, small volumes (10-50 nl) of 30% horseradish peroxidase or 2% fast blue solutions were pressure-injected into the area of one supraoptic nucleus of rats. Both dorsal and ventral approaches to the nucleus were used. In animals where the injection site extended beyond the limits of the supraoptic nucleus, retrogradely labelled cell bodies were found in many areas of the brain, mainly in the septum, the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca and ventral subiculum in the limbic system; the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the dorsal tegmentum, the dorsal parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the catecholaminergic A1 region in the brain stem; in the subfornical organ and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis, as well as in the median preoptic nucleus. In contrast, when the site of injection was apparently restricted to the supraoptic nucleus, labelling was only clearcut in the two circumventricular organs, the median preoptic nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the A1 region. Injections of wheat germ agglutinin coupled with horseradish peroxidase (60-80 nl of a 2.5% solution) made in the septum and in the ventral subiculum anterogradely labelled fibers coursing in an area immediately adjacent to the supraoptic nucleus but not within it. In contrast, labelling within the nucleus was found following anterograde transport of tracer deposited in the A1 region and in an area that includes the nucleus of the solitary tract. Neurones located in the perinuclear area were densely labelled by small injections into the supraoptic nucleus; they may represent a relay station for some afferent inputs to the supraoptic nucleus. These results suggest that the supraoptic nucleus is influenced by the same brain areas which project to its companion within the magnocellular system, the paraventricular nucleus.     

Biosynthesis of two stage-specific membrane proteins during transformation of Plasmodium gallinaceum zygotes into ookinetes

We have studied the synthesis and expression of surface proteins in zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum during their transformation to mature ookinetes. The cells were biosynthetically labelled in vitro using [35S]methionine and proteins were immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-ookinete serum or monoclonal antibodies. Early zygotes (approx. 2 h post-gametogenesis and fertilization) synthesized and expressed on their surface a protein of Mr 26 000 as observed under reducing conditions on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) (31 000 under non-reducing conditions) and continued to do so for 8-10 h; thereafter synthesis of the Mr 26 000 protein declined and little or none was synthesized in the mature ookinetes (greater than 20 h post-gametogenesis). Between 3-5 h post-gametogenesis, zygotes also began to synthesize a protein of Mr 28 000 (34 000 under non-reducing conditions). Synthesis and expression of this surface protein continued throughout development; and the Mr 28 000 protein was the predominant surface protein synthesized by the mature ookinete. Mr 26 000 and Mr 28 000 proteins have been designated earlier as PgO-1 and PgO-2 respectively (Carter and Kaushal, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. (1984) 13, 235-241). Neither protein was synthesized in the gametocytes prior to gametogenesis. Both proteins could be labelled with [3H]glucosamine or [3H]mannose. When zygotes were incubated with [3H]palmitic acid both PgO-1 and PgO-2 bound fatty acids in covalent linkage. The two proteins do not otherwise appear to be structurally related. They were differentially immunoprecipitated by different monoclonal antibodies and gave rise to distinct patterns of peptides following digestion with proteases such as Staphylococcus aureus V-8, trypsin and chymotrypsin.     

Oral Administration of Ginger-Derived Lipid Nanoparticles and Dmt1 siRNA Potentiates the Effect of Dietary Iron Restriction and Mitigates Pre-Existing Iron Overload in Hamp KO Mice

Intestinal iron transport requires an iron importer (Dmt1) and an iron exporter (Fpn1). The hormone hepcidin regulates iron absorption by modulating Fpn1 protein levels on the basolateral surface of duodenal enterocytes. In the genetic, iron-loading disorder hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), hepcidin production is low and Fpn1 protein expression is elevated. High Fpn1-mediated iron export depletes intracellular iron, causing a paradoxical increase in Dmt1-mediated iron import. Increased activity of both transporters causes excessive iron absorption, thus initiating body iron loading. Logically then, silencing of intestinal Dmt1 or Fpn1 could be an effective therapeutic intervention in HH. It was previously established that Dmt1 knock down prevented iron-loading in weanling Hamp (encoding hepcidin) KO mice (modeling type 2B HH). Here, we tested the hypothesis that Dmt1 silencing combined with dietary iron restriction (which may be recommended for HH patients) will mitigate iron loading once already established. Accordingly, adult Hamp KO mice were switched to a low-iron (LFe) diet and (non-toxic) folic acid-coupled, ginger nanoparticle-derived lipid vectors (FA-GDLVs) were used to deliver negative-control (NC) or Dmt1 siRNA by oral, intragastric gavage daily for 21 days. The LFe diet reduced body iron burden, and experimental interventions potentiated iron losses. For example, Dmt1 siRNA treatment suppressed duodenal Dmt1 mRNA expression (by ~50%) and reduced serum and liver non-heme iron levels (by ~60% and >85%, respectively). Interestingly, some iron-related parameters were repressed similarly by FA-GDLVs carrying either siRNA, including ⁵⁹Fe (as FeCl₃) absorption (~20% lower), pancreatic non-heme iron (reduced by ~65%), and serum ferritin (decreased 40–50%). Ginger may thus contain bioactive lipids that also influence iron homeostasis. In conclusion, the combinatorial approach of FA-GDLV and Dmt1 siRNA treatment, with dietary iron restriction, mitigated pre-existing iron overload in a murine model of HH.     

正交试验法筛选口服阿苯达唑毫微球制备工艺

目的为提高阿苯达唑生物利用度,采用α-氰基丙烯酸正丁酯为聚合材料,乳化聚合法制备口服阿苯达唑毫微球,并优化处方工艺.方法紫外分光光度法测定阿苯达唑含量,以包封率为主要指标,乳化聚合二步法制备阿苯达唑毫微球,L9(34)正交试验设计处方工艺.结果首先制备pH为5.0的聚氰基丙烯酸正丁酯空白毫微球,再以0.5 ml/min速率缓慢将空白毫微球注入同体积的阿苯达唑醋酸溶液中,充分搅拌16 h.结论经过优化筛选的组方工艺制备的阿苯达唑毫微球包封率为(61.01士4.06)%,载药量为(48.00士5.20)%.     

The protective effect of Kombucha against silver nanoparticles-induced toxicity on testicular tissue in NMRI mice

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) can pass from the cell membrane and testicular blood barrier due to their small size, and by increasing oxidative stress they cause disorder in the male reproductive system. Kombucha is a traditional fermented drink with detoxification and potent antioxidant properties. We aimed to examine the protective effect of Kombucha against the damages due to SNPs on the testis tissue. In this experimental study, NMRI mice were randomly separated into four groups (n = 6), namely control (distilled water), SNPs (500 mg/kg), Kombucha extract (9 ml/kg) and SNPs + Kombucha, and were treated with gavage for 35 days. A significant decrease in testosterone level and total antioxidant capacity, and a significant increase in malondialdehyde concentration was observed in the SNPs group in comparison with the control group. Histological studies on the testis of mice treated with SNPs showed vacuolation, decrease in generational epithelium thickness, seminiferous tubules diameter, testis volume and the number of spermatozoa in lumen of the seminiferous tubule and increase in the volume of interstitial space while the mentioned parameters were improved in the SNPs + Kombucha group compared to the SNPs group. Kombucha reduces the adverse effects of SNPs on testis tissue and improves the function of the male reproductive system.     

考马斯亮蓝染色法检测人精子顶体反应的评价

为建立一种检测人精子顶体反应的简便实用的新技术，用３．５％高氯酸水溶液配制０．０５％考马斯亮蓝（Ｒ２５０）染色液浸染人精子３０ｍｉｎ，顶体完整者顶体区染成紫蓝色，顶体反应者则不染。对获能前后和钙离子载体Ａ２３１８７诱导顶体反应的精子进行染色并与经典的顶体反应检测技术ＰＳＡ法对照，两种方法检测顶体反应率无显著差异。方法学检验证明新技术结果可靠。本法操作简便、经济，普通显微镜即可检测，易于推广，克服了原有技术复杂昂贵的缺点，具有研究和临床诊断的良好价值。     

胰岛素纳米粒对大鼠实验性糖尿病的降血糖作用

目的　制备氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胰岛素纳米粒 (insulinnanoparticles INP) ,研究其理化特性 ,观察 sc和 po给药对糖尿病大鼠的降血糖作用 .方法　用改良的乳液聚合法制备氰基丙烯酸正丁酯胰岛素纳米粒 ,用透射电子显微镜观察 INP的大小、形态 ,用高压液相色谱法 (HPL C)测定其包裹率 ,用 ip四氧嘧啶制备糖尿病大鼠模型 .血糖用快速血糖仪测定 .用 t检验和 χ2 检验进行统计学处理 .结果　用改良的乳液聚合法制得的 INP粒径为 (30± 0 .5 ) nm,包裹率为 95 % ,给糖尿病大鼠 sc30 U·kg- 1 ,INP组 1h开始起作用 ,4～ 6 h达峰值 ,血糖降低 98% ,作用持续 2 4h,而普通胰岛素组 1h达峰值 ,最大降血糖幅度为 5 5 % ,作用持续 4h. sc 2 0 U· kg- 1 ,INP组1h开始起作用 ,4～ 6 h达峰值 ,最大降血糖幅度为 74% ,作用持续 2 0 h,而鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素组 1h开始起作用 ,4～ 6 h达峰值 ,最大降血糖幅度为 41% ,作用也持续 2 0 h.给糖尿病大鼠 po INP 12 0 U· kg- 1 ,1d后空腹血糖开始下降 ,3d效果最佳 ,血糖降低 89% ,5～ 7d后恢复高血糖 ,而 po普通胰岛素组血糖无明显变化 ,2～ 4d的血糖两组比较相差显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) . 5 0 U· kg- 1 组及 10 0 U· kg- 1 组作用持续时间均为 5d,12 0 U· kg- 1 组的作用时间为 7d.三     

考马斯亮蓝微盘比色法测定蛋白质含量

目的 建立快速、灵敏的测定蛋白质的方法。方法 以考马斯亮蓝作为显色剂,用酶联免疫测定仪微盘比色测定牛血清白蛋白和小鼠肝组织匀浆的蛋白含量,并与常量比色法进行了比较,结果 考马斯亮蓝微盘比色法与常量法相比,对样品的测定结果相近,而前者样品用量少（只需几微升）,简便、快速、检测极限低（0.63ug)。结论 考马斯亮蓝微盘比色法是一种简单、快速、灵敏的蛋白质测定方法,尤其适用于大批量、微量样品的蛋白质含量测定。     

L-Arg-NO通路对大鼠延髓腹面加压区心血管活动的影响及与L-Glu通路的关系

目的：研究一氧化氮（ＮＯ）前体Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）单侧微量注入大鼠延髓腹面加压区（ＶＳＭｐ）对动脉血压（ＡＰ）、心率（ＨＲ）、肾灌流压（ＰＰｋ）的影响及与Ｌ－谷氨酸（Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ）升压作用的关系。方法 采用延髓腹外侧部微量注射法,以整体灌流肾为模型观察与ＮＯ有关药物对心血管活动的影响。结果 （１）ＶＳＭｐ内微量注入Ｌ－Ａｒｇ（４０～１００ｎｍｏｌ）,ＡＰ和ＨＲ呈剂量依赖性下降,与生理盐水注入后的变化相比较,差异均有显著性。如预先注入ＮＯ合酶抑制剂Ｌ－硝基－精氨酸甲酯（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）或鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂甲基蓝,Ｌ－Ａｒｇ的降压效应被衰减。（２）ＶＳＭｐ内微量注入Ｌ－Ａｒｇ（１００ｎｍｏｌ）,ＰＰｋ与ＡＰ同步下降,与基础值比较,差异有显著性。（３）ＶＳＭｐ内微量注入Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ（３５０ｎｍｏｌ）,ＡＰ上升。如预先注