Differences in distribution of myofiber types between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles of sheep

Background: The m. supraspinatus stabilizes the shoulder joint to bear the body weight, and the m. infraspinatus assists in extension and flexion of the joint in sheep. Postural muscles have many SO myofibers, whereas locomotory muscles have numerous fast-twitch myofibers. In sheep the distribution of myofiber types within the two muscles, necessary for a better understanding of postural function, remains to be clarified. Methods: Muscle samples were removed from the whole transverse sections of the dorsal, middle, and ventral compartments of the m. supraspinatus and m. infraspinatus of sheep. Myofibers were classified into FG, FOG, SO-1, and SO-2 myofibers by histochemical methods. Results: The distribution of SO myofibers changed more greatly in the m. supraspinatus (15.0–99.1%) than in the m. infraspinatus (24.5–62.3%). SO myofibers were concentrated markedly in the caudal and deep regions near the spine and fossa of the scapula in the m. supraspinatus and distributed more in the medial part than in the lateral part in the m. infraspinatus. Such changes were caused by increases in percentage of SO-2 myofibers and not SO-1 myofibers. The craniolateral regions of the m. supraspinatus and the caudolateral regions of the m. infraspinatus had many fast-twitch (FOG plus FG) myofibers suited for rapid extension and flexion of the shoulder joint. Conclusions: The m. supraspinatus has the compartmentalized, deep, and caudal regions occupied by SO myofibers, which seem to be specialized for maintenance of the joint extension. The medial region of the m. infraspinatus may assist in the joint stabilization. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Effect of basic amino acids on susceptibility to carbapenems in clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates

We evaluated effects of medium composition, including basic amino acid content and pH, on susceptibility to carbapenems such as imipenem, panipenem and meropenem, in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Susceptibility to carbapenems was reduced by basic amino acids in the medium, while susceptibilities to ceftazidime and aztreonam were not. Among carbapenems, susceptibility to panipenem was most sharply reduced by addition of basic amino acids to 1:16 Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). In 174 of 175 clinical isolates, MICs for carbapenems were affected to different degrees by medium composition. One isolate, in which MICs for carbapenems did not differ between MHA and 1:16 MHA, showed reduced production of porin (OprD). Our results suggest that susceptibility to individual carbapenems, especially panipenem, is difficult to evaluate based on MICs for other carbapenems determined on MHA. For a better prediction of antibiotic efficacy, it may be important to evaluate the susceptibility for each carbapenem individually.     

细胞来源和培养液成分对大鼠神经前体细胞增殖和分化的影响

在成功建立体外分离培养大鼠胚胎脑和脊髓神经前体细胞(neuron precursor cells,NPCs)的基础上,本研究设计了三种培养液组合:DF/N2、DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27),观察在不同培养液成分对胚胎脑和脊髓NPCs增殖和分化的影响。结果显示:与NF/N2組和DF/B27组相比,脑来源的NPCs在DF/(N2+B27)中增殖最快、最稳定(P<0.01),而脊髓来源的NPCs在三种培养液组合中的增殖速度无明显差异。脑和胚胎15 d脊髓来源的NPCs在DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27)中分化为神经元的比例明显高于DF/N2组合(P<0.01);取自胚胎15 d的脊髓NPCs分化为神经元和少突胶质细胞的比例均显著高于胚胎16 d的NPCs(P<0.05)。以上结果提示:(1)在培养液中同时添加N2和B27不仅可以提高体外培养的NPCs的增殖速度,同时可显著增加神经元分化的比例;(2)NPCs的分化潜能可因NPCs来源(脑或脊髓)和发育阶段的不同而有差异。     

The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia upon the extracellular fluid volume in the dog,studied by continuous infusion and single injection methods

The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia on the volume and ionic composition of the extracellular space was studied in adult male mongrel dogs with permanent catheters in aorta and pulmonary artery. The extracellular fluid volume (Q ^ec ) was determined with: a) methods based on equilibration of the indicator throughoutQ ^ec by continuous infusion; b) methods based on the assumption that after a single injection of indicator the plasma indicator concentration equals extracellular indicator concentration as long as the log plasma indicator concentration-time curve is linear; c) a single injection method based on a closed flow system model with a single inflow and a single outflow orifice. The measurements were made before and 30 and 90 min after induction of anaesthesia. Thirty minutes after induction of anaesthesiaQ ^ec as determined with the method sub a, had decreased by about 10% and remained so during the following 60 min. The values ofQ ^ec as calculated by the method sub c fairly agreed withQ ^ec as determined with the method sub a and also showed a decrease ofQ ^ec during pentobarbital anaesthesia. The procedures sub b overestimatedQ ^ec and yielded a seemingly higherQ ^ec during anaesthesia, because the boundary conditions for these procedures do not apply. The haemoglobin concentration decreased by about 10% and the lactate concentration by about 50%. The phosphate concentration increased by about 25% while the other electrolyte concentrations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^–, HCO ₃ ^– ) did not change. A respiratory acidosis developed during the first 30 min and almost disappeared in the following 60 min. Possible explanations for the pentobarbital-induced concentration ofQ ^ec are discussed.     

Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus dietary restriction on body composition,resting energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in mildly obese middle-aged women

This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus voluntary food restriction on the body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and aerobic fitness of mildly obese middle-aged women. The subjects were randomly assigned to exercise/diet (n = 17) or control (n = 15) groups. The exercise/diet group participated in an aerobic training programme, 45–60 min · day ^–1 at 50%–60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), 3–4 days · week^–1, and also adopted a self-regulated energy deficit relative to predicted energy requirements (–1.05 MJ · day ^–1 to –1.14 MJ · day ^–1 ). After the regimen had been followed for 12 weeks, the body mass of the subjects had decreased by an average of 4.5 kg, due mainly to fat loss, with little change of fat free mass (m _ff). The absolute RMR did not change, but the experimental group showed significant increases in the RMR per unit of body mass (10%) and the RMR per unit of m _ff (4%). The increase in RMR/m _ff was not correlated with any increase in VO_2max/m _ff. The resting heat production per unit of essential body mass increased by an average of 21%, but the resting heat production rate per unit of fat tissue mass remained unchanged. We concluded that aerobic exercise enhances the effect of moderate dietary restriction by augmenting the metabolic activity of lean tissue.     

Failure to demonstrate early metabolic changes in weanling growth-retarded hypophagic rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei

Experiment 1: Weanling male rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats); sham-operated animals served as controls. Rats were killed four hours and three and seven days postoperatively (post-op). Plasma was obtained and epididymal fat pads, diaphragm and liver aliquots were harvested and the in vitro incorporation of U-14C-glucose into CO2, glycogen, lipid and saponifiable fatty acids (FAs) were measured. Body weight, carcass lipid and food intake were significantly lower in DMNL rats than in controls. The only significant lesion-induced metabolic changes were hypoglycemia and greater tracer incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and diaphragm glycogen. Both DMNL rats and controls showed similar time courses of tracer incorporation into epididymal CO2 and FAs, diaphragm lipid and liver CO2, glycogen, lipid and FAs. Lesioned rats also showed more pronounced decreases of tracer incorporation from day 0 to day 3 in epididymal glycogen and lipid and diaphragm CO2 and glycogen. These data make it appear unlikely that very early deficits in glucose metabolism are the cause of the growth retardation seen in long-term studies with DMNL rats. The data also demonstrate considerable locus specificity, since weanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (VMNL rats) in similar short-term studies have shown dramatic alterations in the above parameters. Experiment 2: Weanling DMNL rats and sham-operated rats were injected via tail vein with tritiated water one hour post-op. One hour after the injection they were decapitated. There were no significant differences between DMNL rats and controls in mumoles tritiated water incorporated into total liver, grams liver tissue, mg liver glycogen and ml or mg plasma glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of tibolone on body composition in postmenopausal women: a 1-year follow up study

Objective: We investigated the effects of 1-year tibolone treatment on body weight, body composition and indices of android obesity in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Forty-four postmenopausal women participated in this open-label controlled study; mean age was 51.8 ± 2.21 years and all women were menopausal for 3.8 ± 1.40 years. Twenty-two of them started taking 2.5 mg tibolone (TIB) daily for 1 year, whereas the remaining 22 served as age-matched controls. All subjects underwent a structured interview, physical examination, body composition measurements performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) — Hologic QDR 4500 A, as well as bioelectrical body impedance analysis (BI) — Tanita TBF-215, Japan.

Results: The TIB group did not significantly increase their weight (+0.4 kg), while the non-treated controls increased their mean weight by 1.4 kg (p = 0.046). In the TIB group, DXA showed a non-significant body fat decrease by a mean of 0.5 kg and a non-significant lean mass increase by 0.8 kg, while in the control group, fat mass increased by 1.7 kg (p = 0.032) and lean mass did not change. BI revealed that the TIB group had lost some fat (≈0.6 kg, n.s.) and put some free-fat mass (≈1.0 kg, p = 0.048) without changes in total body water. The control group put on some fat (≈1.1 kg, p = 0.042) and lost some body water (≈0.4 kg, n.s.).

Conclusion: Results from both methods of measuring body composition show a similar trend: a decrease in fat mass and an increase in lean mass in TIB treated subjects. From the body composition perspective, tibolone may be regarded as a preferential alternative to conventional hormonal therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women.     

太原市8~11岁儿童体成分与血清尿酸的相关性分析

目的 分析8~11岁儿童体成分和尿酸的含量以及不同年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)之间的差异,分析血尿酸与体成分各指标的相关性。方法 以2020年4—12月在太原市妇幼保健院营养科体检的306例8~11岁儿童为研究对象,检测身高、体重及体成分各项指标,并检测血清尿酸的水平,分析该年龄段儿童体成分特征及其与尿酸的相关性。结果 男童和女童体成分各指标相比,男童的BMI显著高于女童,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.253,P<0.05),其余各指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);BMI和体脂百分比(PBF)在女童中判断肥胖的一致性较高(Kappa值=0.642),而在男童中的一致性较低(Kappa值=0.438);男童中9岁年龄组一致性最高(Kappa值=0.669),女童中11岁年龄组一致性最高(Kappa值=0.761);Person相关性分析显示,尿酸与体成分各指标均呈正相关,男童中,BMI与血尿酸的相关性最大(r=0.579,P<0.001);女童中,BMI(r=0.706,P<0.001)、体脂肪含量(r=0.705,P<0.001)与血尿酸的相关性最大,多重线性回归分析显示,BMI对8~11岁儿童血清尿酸影响最大(P<0.05)。结论 太原市8~11岁儿童身体状况与全国水平较为接近;体成分PBF与BMI筛查8~11岁儿童肥胖率具有较高的一致性;体成分各指标与血清尿酸水平均有相关性,对于BMI较高的儿童,应注意预防早期高尿酸血症。     

基于古今文献对经典名方中细辛毒性的有效避减探析

目的：通过研究细辛的相关文献,对影响细辛毒性的关键信息进行梳理,为经典名方中细辛的合理应用提供依据。方法：通过文献计量学的方式,搜集细辛的古今相关文献,分析细辛毒性与药物基原、用药部位、炮制方式、药物剂型、方药配伍、服药方法及患者体质因素之间的关系。结果：在经典名方的研发过程中,细辛在当归四逆汤、厚朴麻黄汤中的用量分别为9、6 g,煎煮时间应>120 min;细辛在辛夷散、三痹汤、大秦艽汤、清上蠲痛汤种的单次用量分别为0.8、1.2、0.9、1.1 g;当归四逆汤、厚朴麻黄汤、清上蠲痛汤等应选用辽细辛的根茎,辛夷散可选择汉城细辛的根茎。在药物的炮制上,当归四逆汤、厚朴麻黄汤、三痹汤、大秦艽汤四方中的细辛可选用酒制;辛夷散、清上蠲痛汤中的细辛可选用炒制;另外,细辛的毒性与药物的配伍和患者的体质等因素均有着密切的关系。结论：该研究通过梳理有关细辛毒性的文献资料,得出了影响细辛毒性的关键信息,探析了细辛毒性的有效避减方式,为包含细辛的经典名方的合理开发和安全应用提供了更为充分的依据。     

经典名方当归补血汤的古代文献分析与考证

当归补血汤出自金元时期李东垣《内外伤辨惑论卷中·暑伤胃气论》,是一首被历代医家传承发扬的补气生血经典名方,已被收录于2018年国家中医药管理局公布《古代经典名方目录（第一批）》。通过系统梳理古籍文献及现代文献,并结合古代经典名方关键信息考证原则,对经典名方当归补血汤的历史源流、组成、剂量、炮制、制法与煎服法、功效与应用进行考证分析。共收集相关古籍文献信息604条,其中涉及中医古籍186部,其中40部（金元5部,明19部,清16部）中医古籍详细记载了组成、炮制、剂量等内容。有关当归补血汤组成,主要为当归和黄芪;根据古今剂量折算,黄芪37.3~38.1 g,当归7.5~7.6 g;黄芪宜采用蜜炙,当归为酒当归;加入水600 mL,煎至300 mL,饭前温服。该方古籍主要记载功效为血虚发热,证见肌热、燥热,烦渴引饮,目赤面红,昼夜不息,脉洪大而虚,重按无力,是补气生血名方。现代研究表明,当归补血汤常用于治疗各种贫血、糖尿病肾病、肿瘤、心脑血管疾病。上述研究结果为经典名方当归补血汤后期开发研究提供了参考依据。