Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom

Abstract – Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial pain (OFP) among young adults (30–31 years old) and to determine the effect of childhood and adulthood risk factors on the occurrence of OFP. Methods: Prospective cohort study to investigate dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was conducted in Wales, United Kingdom. At 20‐year follow‐up 337 subjects aged 30–31 participated (74% from previous follow‐up aged 19–20 and 33% from the baseline) and were asked about OFP. Results: The prevalence of OFP was 23% (95% CI: 19%, 28%). Childhood factors, socio‐demographic, lifestyle, health behavior factors, history of orthodontic treatment and tooth wear were not associated with OFP. Participants with OFP were more likely to report that their teeth did not fit together properly [odds ratio (OR) = 12.4, 95% CI: 2.7–56.5) and reported previous trauma to the jaws (2.3; 1.3–4.2). Both diurnal and nocturnal teeth clenching and grinding were significantly associated with OFP (3.1; 1.4–7.1). Participants with frequent headaches had increased risk of having OFP (3.7; 1.6–8.4) while having reported 4–10 types of pain in other parts of the body other than the head, was associated with OR = 9.2 (3.7–23.0). An increased tendency to have OFP was seen in those individuals with higher levels of psychological distress (2.3; 1.4–3.9), high score on Life Event Inventory (2.6; 1.3–5.3), depressive symptoms (2.2; 1.2–4.0) and stress (2.2; 1.2–4.0). High self‐esteem associated with lower risk of OFP (0.5; 0.3–0.9). Conclusions: This study shows that OFP is frequently reported by young adults aged 30–31 and supports a multifactorial etiology with factors from many domains, including local mechanical factors, psychological and co‐morbidities. However, none of the childhood factors considered in this study were associated with OFP in adulthood.     

匹美西林治疗尿路感染的作用机制

近年来，我国尿路感染发病率和细菌耐药率呈逐年增加趋势，由于细菌耐药导致临床选择抗菌药物日益困难，尤其对特殊人群。匹美西林是一种新型的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物，对大肠埃希菌抗菌活性高，为单纯性尿路感染治疗的一线用药。匹美西林为美西林的前体药物，口服吸收后在体内迅速水解为美西林，与青霉素结合蛋白-2（PBP-2）结合，干扰细菌细胞壁生物合成，引起细菌形态改变使细胞溶解，从而发挥抗菌作用。匹美西林对革兰阴性菌活性强于革兰阳性菌，且对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌有较强活性。该药在国外已上市数十年，安全有效，耐药率低，具有药物经济学优势。本文对尿路感染抗菌药物选择、匹美西林药效学和药动学、特殊人群用药以及安全性、经济性等方面进行了综述。     

保定市普通人群睡眠质量及相关影响因素

目的：了解保定市普通人群睡眠质量特点及相关影响因素。方法：采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法随机抽取≥18岁的人群,共10073名;以匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）评定睡眠质量及相关影响因素（按我国睡眠质量常模,总分〉7分为睡眠障碍）。结果：8773人完成了调查,保定市普通人群睡眠障碍的发生率为9.95%（873/8773）;女性较男性、城市较农村、高龄较低龄人群睡眠障碍的发生率显著为高（P均〈0.001）;婚姻和职业状况影响睡眠质量,丧偶、再婚、离退休人员睡眠障碍的发生率分别为23.08%、18.48%和25.26%（P均〈0.001）。PSQI总分与社会人口学资料的相关分析显示,除目前职业外,其他因素如女性、城市、婚姻及年龄均与PSQI总分呈显著正相关（P均〈0.001）;PSQI总分与社会心理及环境问题的相关分析显示,除其他社会心理问题外,,其他因素如经济、卫生保健、支持群体、职业、教育、住房、社会环境及法律/犯罪问题均与PSQI总分呈显著正相关（P均〈0.001）。结论：普通人群中存在睡眠障碍的比例较高,应重视并改善高危人群的睡眠问题,减少社会心理及环境问题,有助于提高普通人群的睡眠质量。     

健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行前期和流行期A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌抗体水平研究

目的掌握合肥市健康人群A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)抗体水平现状。方法应用重复横断面监测研究模式,以合肥市辖3县4区划分为7个研究地区,在2005-2006,2006-2007年流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)流行季节流行前期和流行期,采用整群重复抽样方法,应用酶联免疫吸附试验,对健康人群A、C群Nm抗体水平进行调查。结果连续监测健康人群2次流行前期和流行期,实际抽样范围672～690人。2次流行前期和流行期之间A群无差异,C群差异有统计学意义;2次流行期之间A、C群差异均有统计学意义。0～5岁和≥21岁组相对较低,11～15岁、16～20岁、≥21岁组流行期明显上升。同期不同地区之间差异均有统计学意义,肥西县、长丰县呈现明显低抗体水平。结论健康人群中存在一定A、C群Nm抗体水平,结合现状应确保儿童和青少年疫苗有效接种率,加强成人流脑预防控制工作。     

Expected clinical benefits of paliperidone extended-release formulation when compared with risperidone immediate-release

Background: The development of paliperidone extended release (ER) may represent a new strategy to improve the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. The drug maintains the atypical antipsychotic profile of its parent compound risperidone, but it is associated with an innovative delivery system (OROS technology) that offers the possibility to obtain smooth drug plasma levels using an oral antipsychotic. Clinical trials confirmed that paliperidone ER is efficacious in the management of schizophrenia and well tolerated, however no direct clinical comparisons between paliperidone ER and immediate-release formulations of risperidone have been conducted to date. Objective: The present study evaluates possible differences between paliperidone ER and immediate-release formulations of risperidone due to structural/molecular and delivery system diversities, providing an estimation of their significance in the context of clinical results. Methods: A search of Medline and EMBASE was performed using the keywords ‘Risperidone’, ‘Paliperidone’ and ‘OROS technology’. Results/conclusion: The analysis suggests that the chemical structure and pharmacokinetic profile of paliperidone ER might provide clinical benefits in terms of efficacy, tolerability and more consistent drug response among patients, when compared with the parent compound risperidone in its immediate release formulations. The relevance of these differences is discussed, taking into account several clinical aspects involved in the drug therapy of schizophrenia.     

Epidemiological uses of a population model for the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus

The spatial and temporal risk of tick-borne disease depends fundamentally on the distribution, abundance and seasonal dynamics of the vector ticks. The latter factor exerts a major quantitative influence on the transmission dynamics of tick-borne parasites. The population model for Rhipicephalus appendiculatus applies throughout the range of this tick in eastern Africa, and predicts all three fundamental risk factors on the basis of the local temperature and rainfall conditions. Satellite imagery can provide more detailed, real-time measures of environmental conditions over extensive areas than climatic data. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that the population model could be driven by satellite-derived surrogates of its climatic predictors, thus providing wide-scale predictive risk maps of theileriosis.     

2005-2007年丽水口岸出入境人员梅毒感染情况分析

目的了解丽水口岸出入境人群梅毒感染的流行分布状况与趋势，以确定重点监测对象，为出入境卫生检疫监管工作提供科学依据。方法对2005-2007年的18848名丽水出入境人员进行血清学检测。2005～2006年间采用甲苯胺红不加热血清实验（TRUST）进行初筛，采用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒疑集试验（TPPA）进行确认。2007年起使用梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒疑集试验（TPPA）进行普查，TPPA阳性者再采用甲苯胺红不加热血清实验（TRUST）进一步检测。应用流行病学调查对梅毒感染者进行统计学分析。结果共检出梅毒感染者211人，检出率为1．12％，其中男性检出率为1．17％，女性检出率为1．07％，各年龄组中以60岁以上年龄组检出率最高，为8．87％：传播途径以性传播为主。结论要加强对出入境人员的行为干预，特别是加强性病防护知识的宣传教育，降低这一人群的梅毒感染率。     

性别因素对老年期神经系统变性过程的影响

目的：研究探讨正常人进入老年期后，性别和年龄对事件相关电位的交互作用影响是否仍然持续。方法：应用神经心理学测试和MRI检查筛选日本冲绳县年龄在60岁以上的正常老年人40名。其中男性17名，平均年龄是72．2±8．6岁；女性23名，平均年龄是75．7±8．2岁。应用听觉“oddball”范式诱发事件相关电位P300。分析Fz和Pz部位记录到的事件相关电位内源性成分P300和N2b。结果：P300潜伏期、P300波幅和N2b潜伏期的组间差异不显著。于Fz部位，男性组的N2b波幅低于女性组（F=4．59，P=0．039）。P300潜伏期和P300波幅与年龄的相关性，仅见于男性组（Fz-P300潜伏期：r=0．584，P=0．014；Fz-P300波幅：r=-0．782，P〈0．001；Pz—P300潜伏期：r=0．587，P=0．013；Pz—P300波幅：r=-0．657，P=0．004）。P300潜伏期和P300波幅对年龄的线性回归坡度，在两组闾均有显著性差异，在男性组更为陡峭（Fz—P300潜伏期：t=2．11，P=0．042；Fz-P300波幅：t=2．55，P=0．015；Pz-P300潜伏期：t：2．70，P=0．011：Pz-P300波幅：t=3．00，P=0．005）。结论：性别因素对老年期神经系统变性过程有显著影响。