致肝损伤中药的减毒措施及肝损伤的中药防治作用

中药在疾病预防和治疗的过程中发挥重大作用,但部分中药在临床的长期应用过程中,给人体带来的不良反应也逐渐显现出来,肝损伤属于其中之一。肝损伤也是中药新药研发过程中作为临床安全用药的重要检查项目,已成为众多上市药物退出市场的重要原因。随着对中药临床用药安全性的关注增加,关于中药肝损伤研究日益增多,大多数研究集中于中药或者中药成分的肝脏损伤研究。为了提高中药的安全性,该文总结了部分致肝损伤中药的物质基础和机制及降低中药肝损伤的措施,包括减少给药剂量和疗程,改变给药途径,改变药物剂型,药物配伍和炮制等方法;此外该文还总结了防治各种诱导物诱发肝损伤的单体中药、中药复方和中药成分及防治肝损伤的生物效应和作用机制。结合现代致肝损伤中药的减毒研究,提出明确致肝损伤中药的安全剂量和“毒-效”界限,明确减毒措施的减毒机制及确定致肝损伤中药的毒性物质基础,为致肝损伤中药的临床应用提供安全性保障;结合中药防治肝损伤的研究,提出加强中药防治肝损伤的临床研究的同时,利用现代科学技术“从局部到整体”来阐释中药复方防治肝损伤的科学内涵,进而为临床防治肝损伤提供科学依据。     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症患者危险因素分析

目的：分析恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）患者的危险因素。方法：选取2020年1月至2022年1月陆军第73集团军医院进行治疗的133例恶性肿瘤患者,对患者一般资料进行回顾性分析,比较恶性肿瘤组患者及恶性肿瘤合并VTE组患者一般资料,通过多因素logistic回归分析明确恶性肿瘤合并VTE的危险因素,比较两组患者1年死亡率。结果：两组患者肿瘤分期、冠心病、化疗、合并感染、激素治疗、中心静脉置管构成比及纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D–二聚体（D–D）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、血管性血友病因子（vWF）水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）;多因素logistic回归分析结果表明肿瘤分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有冠心病、有化疗、有感染、有激素治疗及有中心静脉置管、血浆D–D水平高为恶性肿瘤合并VTE危险因素,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,肿瘤分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有冠心病、有化疗、有感染、有激素治疗及有中心静脉置管、血浆D–D水平高为恶性肿瘤合并VTE危险因素（P <0.05）;恶性肿瘤合并VTE组患者1年死亡率明显高于恶性肿瘤组...     

政策反馈理论视域：中国医疗卫生政策钟摆式变迁及其逻辑

新中国成立以来,党和国家不断强化医疗卫生建设,70余年来医疗卫生政策演进呈钟摆式变迁的特征,即从公益导向的福利性医疗卫生政策摆向效率导向的市场化政策,再摆向公益为主兼顾效率的民生导向政策,在公益与效率间发生三次摆动。本文借助政策反馈理论分析医疗卫生政策钟摆式变迁的内在逻辑,发现政策变迁过程中原有政策通过资源效应、解释效应、演化效应和学习效应影响新政策的制定,使得新政策留有原政策的烙印,呈现出摆动式变迁而非剧烈或范式变迁。政策反馈理论为医疗卫生政策制定提供新视角,制定医疗卫生政策需注重原政策的历史影响力,以公共价值引领医疗医保医药政策,从多重政策反馈效应视角出发优化卫生政策的制定。     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗的护理

目的研究分析急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗的护理效果。方法选择我院于2019年3月—2020年12月内收治的360例急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者,将所有患者按照随机数表方法,分为对照组(180例,进行基础性护理干预)和观察组(180例,进行细节性护理干预)。对两组患者在护理完成后的效果进行收集和分析。结果对照组患者在采取常规护理方法干预后,其消化道功能恢复时间与住院时间分别为(6.84±1.24)d、(9.26±2.18)d;观察组患者在采取个性化护理方式干预后,消化道功能恢复时间与住院时间分别为(4.48±0.87)d、(6.05±1.24)d。两组相比较,观察组住院时间较短、消化道功能恢复较快,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在胃镜下治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者给予细节性护理干预能够提高手术效果,减少住院时间,加快病情恢复。     

优质护理对老年支气管哮喘患者生活质量影响分析研究

目的探讨优质护理对老年支气管哮喘患者生活质量的影响。方法摘选2018年9月-2019年9月期间,医院接收的老年支气管哮喘病例78例,依据随机化分组,获对照组(共39例)、试验组(共39例)。对照组先予常规性护理,而试验组在常规性护理中应用优质护理,比较两组所得的结果。结果对照组的满意度为82.05%,试验组患者满意度为97.44%,χ²=4.1235,P<0.05。试验组患者角色功能、生活自理能力、情绪状况、社会适应能力评分分别为(82.33±4.36)分、(82.33±5.36)分、(82.18±3.58)分、(77.43±3.87)分,对照组患者角色功能、生活自理能力、情绪状况、社会适应能力评分分别为(76.28±3.69)分、(69.36±1.88)分、(72.37±4.22)分、(67.21±2.97)分,t=6.1854、6.5455、5.4845、6.2170,P<0.05。结论优质护理对老年支气管哮喘患者生活质量有显著影响,经优质护理后,患者的满意度大大提高,生活质量得到了极大改善,能够获得更为理想的效果,促进其疾病康复。     

Scanning and synthesizing Canadian policies that address the school-to-work transition of youth and young adults with disabilities

BackgroundDisability faced by a young person can impact the school-to-work transition and shape health and well-being over the life course. Unique barriers to entry and advancement within the labor market that are relevant to young people with disabilities underscore the need for tailored policy-level supports.ObjectivesTo examine and describe policies that support the school-to-work transition of young people with disabilities in Canada.MethodsA scan of policies which focused on the school-to-work transition of young people with disabilities across Canada was conducted between June 2019 and January 2020. Searches were completed within federal, provincial and territorial policy portals. Each policy relating to employment participation of people with disabilities was summarized. Policies that focused on the school-to-work-specific were synthesized using Bemelmans-Vidic, Rist and Vedung's policy tool framework.ResultsA total of 36 policies were identified by our scan that focused on the employment of people with disabilities. Only five policies explicitly addressed the school-to-work transition. All existing policies were implemented at the provincial level and aimed to promote entry into employment. The synthesis of policies revealed that financial policy tools were primarily used to incentivize employment, provision of workplace accommodations, or the development and implementation of job readiness programs.ConclusionOur analysis of federal, provincial and territorial policies in Canada uncovered a limited number of policies that specifically support the school-to-work transition. Addressing these policy gaps can increase the inclusion of young people with disabilities in the labor market.     

The National Health Plan 2030: Its Purpose and Directions of Development

The National Health Plan 2030 (HP2030) started to be prepared in 2017 and was completed and announced in December 2020. This study presents an overview of how it was established, the major changes in policies, its purpose, and future directions. This study analyzed the steps taken in the past 4 years to establish HP2030 and reviewed major issues at the international and governmental levels based on an evaluation of HP2020 and its content. HP2030 establishes 6 divisions and 28 topic areas, and it will continue to expand investments in health with a total budget of 2.5 trillion Korean won. It also established goals to enhance health equity for the first time, with the goal of calculating healthy life expectancy in a way that reflects the circumstances of Korea and reducing the gap in income and healthy life expectancy between regions. The establishment of HP2030 is significant in that it constitutes a sustainable long-term plan with sufficient preparation, contains policy measures that everyone participates in and makes together, and works towards improvements in universal health standards and health equity. With the announcement of HP2030, which includes goals and directions of the national health policy for the next 10 years, it will be necessary to further strengthen collaboration with relevant ministries, local governments, and agencies in various fields to concretize support for prevention-centered health management as a national task and to develop a health-friendly environment that considers health in all policy areas.     

Impact of COVID-19: Nursing challenges to meeting the care needs of people with developmental disabilities

BackgroundPeople with developmental disabilities (DD) are a population at high-risk for poor outcomes related to COVID-19. COVID-19-specific risks, including greater comorbidities and congregate living situations in persons with DD compound existing health disparities. With their expertise in care of persons with DD and understanding of basic principles of infection control, DD nurses are well-prepared to advocate for the needs of people with DD during the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveTo assess the challenges faced by nurses caring for persons with DD during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the challenges impact people with DD.MethodsWe surveyed 556 DD nurses, from April 6–20, 2020. The 35-item mixed-method survey asked nurses to rate the degree of challenges faced in meeting the care needs of people with DD. We analyzed responses based on presence of COVID-19 in the care setting and geographically. One open-ended question elicited challenges not included in the survey, which we analyzed using manifest content analysis.ResultsStartlingly, nurses reported being excluded from COVID-19 planning, and an absence of public health guidelines specific to persons with DD, despite their high-risk status. Obtaining PPE and sanitizers and meeting social-behavioral care needs were the most highly ranked challenges. COVID-19 impacted nurses’ ability to maintain adequate staffing and perform essential aspects of care. No significant geographic differences were noted.ConclusionsDD nurses must be involved in public health planning and policy development to ensure that basic care needs of persons with DD are met, and the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 in this vulnerable population is reduced.     

Fast Eating Is Associated with Increased BMI among High-School Students

Fast self-reported eating rate (SRER) has been associated with increased adiposity in children and adults. No studies have been conducted among high-school students, and SRER has not been validated vs. objective eating rate (OBER) in such populations. The objectives were to investigate (among high-school student populations) the association between OBER and BMI z-scores (BMIz), the validity of SRER vs. OBER, and potential differences in BMIz between SRER categories. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 included 116 Swedish students (mean ± SD age: 16.5 ± 0.8, 59% females) who were eating school lunch. Food intake and meal duration were objectively recorded, and OBER was calculated. Additionally, students provided SRER. Study 2 included students (n = 50, mean ± SD age: 16.7 ± 0.6, 58% females) from Study 1 who ate another objectively recorded school lunch. Study 3 included 1832 high-school students (mean ± SD age: 15.8 ± 0.9, 51% females) from Sweden (n = 748) and Greece (n = 1084) who provided SRER. In Study 1, students with BMIz ≥ 0 had faster OBER vs. students with BMIz < 0 (mean difference: +7.7 g/min or +27%, p = 0.012), while students with fast SRER had higher OBER vs. students with slow SRER (mean difference: +13.7 g/min or +56%, p = 0.001). However, there was “minimal” agreement between SRER and OBER categories (κ = 0.31, p < 0.001). In Study 2, OBER during lunch 1 had a “large” correlation with OBER during lunch 2 (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). In Study 3, fast SRER students had higher BMIz vs. slow SRER students (mean difference: 0.37, p < 0.001). Similar observations were found among both Swedish and Greek students. For the first time in high-school students, we confirm the association between fast eating and increased adiposity. Our validation analysis suggests that SRER could be used as a proxy for OBER in studies with large sample sizes on a group level. With smaller samples, OBER should be used instead. To assess eating rate on an individual level, OBER can be used while SRER should be avoided.     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Front of Pack Labels: Findings from an Online Randomised-Controlled Experiment in a Representative British Sample

Front of pack food labels (FOPLs) provide accessible nutritional information to guide consumer choice. Using an online experiment with a large representative British sample, we aimed to examine whether FOPLs improve participants’ ability to identify the healthiness of foods and drinks. The primary aim was to compare ability to rank between FOPL groups and a no label control. Adults (≥18 years), recruited from the NatCen panel, were randomised to one of five experimental groups (Multiple Traffic Light, MTL; Nutri-Score, N-S; Warning Label, WL; Positive Choice tick, PC; no label control). Stratification variables were year of recruitment to panel, sex, age, government office region, and household income. Packaging images were created for three versions, varying in healthiness, of six food and drink products (pizza, drinks, cakes, crisps, yoghurts, breakfast cereals). Participants were asked to rank the three product images in order of healthiness. Ranking was completed on a single occasion and comprised a baseline measure (with no FOPL), and a follow-up measure including the FOPL as per each participant’s experimental group. The primary outcome was the ability to accurately rank product healthiness (all products ranked correctly vs. any incorrect). In 2020, 4504 participants had complete data and were included in the analysis. The probability of correct ranking at follow-up, and improving between baseline and follow-up, was significantly greater across all products for the N-S, MTL and WL groups, compared to control. This was seen for only some of the products for the PC group. The largest effects were seen for N-S, followed by MTL. These analyses were adjusted for stratification variables, ethnicity, education, household composition, food shopping responsibility, and current FOPL use. Exploratory analyses showed a tendency for participants with higher compared to lower education to rank products more accurately. Conclusions: All FOPLs were effective at improving participants’ ability to correctly rank products according to healthiness in this large representative British sample, with the largest effects seen for N-S, followed by MTL.