Chelation in Metal Intoxication. III. Lowering of Nickel Content in Poisoned Rat Organs

Abstract Six metal binding agents were screened in vivo for their ability to mobilise nickel from the brain, heart, kidney and liver of nickel poisoned rats. Out of these, 1,2 cyclohexylene dinitrilotetraacetic acid (CDTA) was most effective in removing the metal from the heart (78 %) followed by brain (76 %), kidney (65 %) and liver (57 %) whereas diethyl-dithiocarbamate (DDC) was more effective in the order of heart (85 %), liver (51 %), kidney (44 %) and brain (32 %). Under in vitro conditions, CDTA, diethylene triaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) were found to be more effective in dialysing out nickel from the subcellular fractions of liver and kidney and the blood corpuscles of rats prctreated with nickel sulphate. In general, no correlation between the chemical structure or molecular weight of the chelators and their ability to remove nickel from the biological system was observed.     

影响洗胃效果的原因分析

对口服药物中毒的１８例患者，进行经口插管洗胃，并分别留取洗出液进行毒物检测，目测洗出液澄清无味时留取最终标本检测毒物含量。结果最终标本毒物残留量最少０．４％，最多７６．７％，说明操作者用目测洗胃液澄清度或闻及气味来判断洗胃是否彻底的方法是影响洗胃效果的重要因素。另外，对影响洗胃效果的其它因素（如药物的理化性质、洗胃液及患者的体位等）进行了分析。     

慢性铅性肾病的肾脏病理

对９例慢性铅性肾病患者进行了肾活检，并分别作免疫荧光、光镜和电镜检查。结果发现，肾小球和肾小管均有不同程度的损害。总结了铅性肾病肾脏病理特点，计数了肾小管上皮细胞异常线粒体的数目。     

叠氮化钠所致大鼠中枢神经系统的病理改变

２４只雄性大鼠以３ｍｇ／ｋｇ叠氮化钠作腹腔注射，染毒，每日６次，每次间隔０．５ｈ，连续４ｄ直至中毒。神经病理检查结果表明，叠氮化钠对脑的损伤呈双侧对称性，主要是尾－壳核。光镜下可见神经元胞浆深染，核固缩，神经纤维束疏松肿胀，重者呈网眼状。电镜下早期可见神经元胞浆疏松，继而固缩，核染色质积聚，细胞周围可见肿胀的突起。神经纤维、胶质细胞和血管也出现病变。同时用大鼠建立了一个叠氮化钠引起脑内尾－壳核损伤的动物模型，以用于中毒机理研究。     

Impact of paracetamol pack size restrictions on poisoning from paracetamol in England and Wales: an observational study

BACKGROUND: About 500 drug poisoning deaths involving paracetamol (acetaminophen) occur every year in England and Wales. To reduce the number of deaths, regulations were introduced in 1998 to restrict the sale of paracetamol. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of these regulations. METHODS: Mortality data for England and Wales were provided by the Office for National Statistics. Deaths were defined as due to compound paracetamol (paracetamol in combination with another analgesic, a low dose opioid or other ingredients) or paracetamol only, with or without alcohol or other drugs. The Department of Health provided data on all hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of paracetamol poisoning. RESULTS: Mortality rates for paracetamol only were similar for males and females, and decreased from about 4.5 to 2.8 per million between 1997 and 1999 and again from about 3.1 to 2.2 per million between 2001 and 2002. These falls may be attributable to random variation in the rates. Deaths involving compound paracetamol, which were not subject to the 1998 regulations, remained relatively constant over the study period. There was evidence of a decreasing trend in paracetamol only mortality rates and this followed overall trends for other drug poisoning excluding opioids and drugs of misuse. Hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning increased from about 27 000 to 33 000 between 1995/1996 and 1997/1998 and then decreased to 25 000 in 2001/2002. There were almost 50 per cent more admissions for females than males, with the highest admission rates amongst females aged 15-24 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1993 and 2002, mortality rates and hospital admissions due to paracetamol poisoning declined. However, the contribution of the 1998 regulations to this decline is not clear. Paracetamol poisoning continues to be an important public health issue in England and Wales and represents significant workload for the NHS in England.     

PICU中毒患儿相关因素分析及干预

目的探讨PICU收治的儿童中毒病例的相关因素以寻求相应的防治措施。方法回顾性分析2008年1月-2010年12月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院PICU救治的127例(<18岁)中毒患儿病例资料,分为药物中毒组和非药物中毒组,分析2组不同特点。结果 7月是中毒高发月份。儿童中毒主要发生在家中,其中农村中毒发生率较城市高。所有中毒患儿中,意外中毒105例,1～3岁是意外中毒发生的主要年龄段,且男童发生率高。非意外中毒22例中,以学龄期和青春期为主要年龄段。药物中毒儿童66例,毒物以神经系统治疗药物为首,其次为精神障碍治疗药物,中毒症状以神经系统症状为首。非药物中毒儿童61例,毒物以杀虫(鼠)剂为首,中毒症状以消化系统症状为首。2组呼吸机治疗时间比较差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.183,P=0.931),血液净化治疗时间比较差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.762,P=0.000)。药物中毒组和非药物中毒组治愈好转率比较差异无统计学意义。药物中毒组住院时间较非药物中毒住院时间短(t=2.326,P=0.024)。结论血液净化是儿童中毒救治的重要手段,呼吸支持为急性中毒患儿最终的治疗成功提供了保证。儿童中毒应以预防为主。     

Leading causes of injury hospitalisation in children aged 0–4 years in New South Wales by injury submechanism: A brief profile by age and sex

Aim: To identify the leading causes of injury in children aged 0–4 years by single year of age using injury submechanisms and present a brief epidemiologic profile of each cause. Methods: Hospitalisation data for New South Wales from 1999 to 2009 were used to identify the leading causes of injury for children aged 0–4 years by single year of age. For each leading cause, rates over time and by sex were calculated by single year of age. Associated age and sex risk ratios were estimated. Results: The leading causes of injury for children aged <1, 1 and 2 years were falls while being carried, burns by hot non‐aqueous substances and poisoning by other and unspecified pharmaceutical substances, respectively. Falls involving playground equipment ranked first for children aged 3–4 years. Each leading injury cause exhibited an age pattern that remained stable over time and by sex. Age predicted falls while being carried and both age and sex predicted the remaining leading injury causes, with age and sex interacting to predict burns by hot non‐aqueous substances. Conclusions: Epidemiologic analysis using single‐year age intervals and injury submechanisms results in a clearer picture of injury risk for young children. The findings of this study provide detailed information regarding the leading causes of hospitalised injury in young children by age and sex. Child health‐care providers can use this information to focus discussions of child development and injury risk with families of young children and suggest appropriate prevention measures in terms of a child's age and sex.