医疗器械中增塑剂的应用和安全性研究进展

目的了解并总结医疗器械中增塑剂应用现状及其安全性研究的最新进展。方法列举常用医疗器械中增塑剂的种类，简要说明塑料医用器械在临床上的应用，搜集并整理已有的增塑剂毒性的研究资料，以归纳医疗器械中最常用的增塑剂对人体的潜在风险，最后对增塑剂安全性评价策略进行总结。结果塑料医疗器械临床应用广泛，其中加入的增塑剂，如DEHP存在潜在风险并会产生以生殖毒性和肝毒性为主的不良反应。对塑料医疗器械的风险评估主要对医疗器械中增塑剂的释放量和摄入量这两个方面进行评价。结论医疗增塑剂的应用和安全性研究的讨论对医用增塑剂的风险评估及今后发展新型增塑剂具有指导意义。     

Brain uptake, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution in the rat of neurotoxic N-butylbenzenesulfonamide.

The pharmacokinetics, cerebrovascular permeability, and tissue distribution of the neurotoxic plasticizer N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS) were determined in rats. A stable isotope-labeled form ([(13)C(6)]NBBS) was used to circumvent ubiquitous contamination that was evident whenever the native form was measured. Plasticizer decline in plasma, following an iv dose of 1 mg/kg, was described by a triexponential decay function. NBBS was cleared from plasma at a rate of 25 ml/min/kg, and 24 h after administration, plasma concentrations represented 0.04% of the administered dose. These data suggest rapid elimination and uptake into tissue; however, NBBS was not accumulated by any of the tissues studied (i.e., liver, kidney, muscle, adipose tissue, and brain). Given the critical interest in NBBS neurotoxicity, the brain uptake of [(13)C(6)]NBBS was further explored in experiments using the in situ brain perfusion technique. During perfusion with protein-free saline for 15-30 s, the single-pass brain extraction for free [(13)C(6)]NBBS was very high (73-100%) with a unidirectional blood-brain barrier transfer constant (K(in)) of > 0.08 ml/s/g. No significant differences were found in [(13)C(6)]NBBS content among the measured brain regions. Plasma protein binding (70%) only slightly lowered the single-pass brain extraction to 48%. In summary, the results demonstrate that NBBS distributes rapidly to tissues, including brain. Though highly lipophilic with a Log octanol/water partition coefficient of 2.17 +/- 0.09, brain:blood ratios (2:1) for NBBS were consistent throughout the experimental duration, with little indication of accumulation.     

邻苯二甲酸酯类毒性作用研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物（ PAEs）可以通过多种途径进入机体,在人体的暴露途径主要分为职业暴露、医学接触、孕妇和婴幼儿暴露、一般人群暴露等。近年来研究表明PAEs可损伤心脏细胞的功能,使血管压力增加,危害心血管健康,导致心脏毒性;可干扰雄性激素和雌性激素的分泌,对生殖系统有明显损伤;可诱发氧化应激,导致脂质过氧化引起肝脏毒性。本文就PAEs对机体的毒性作用及其可能机制作一综述。     

GC-MS法测定药物制剂中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的含量

目的建立盐酸雷尼替丁制剂中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的检测方法。方法以甲醇为溶剂制备溶液;采用GC-MS法检测,使用DB-5MS色谱柱,载气为氦气,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,检测方式为SCAN和SIR。结果实验条件下,20种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物能很好分离检测;各组分的检测限（S/N=3）大于2μg·g-1,线性范围在2～40μg·mL-1之间,r〉0.99;加样回收率在79%～99%之间,RSD〈10.8%。结论本法操作简便、准确,分离效果好,对色谱柱和仪器污染小,进样残留少,可同时测定口服固体制剂中的20种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊中3种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂含量

 目的 建立兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯及邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的检定方法。方法 基于RP-HPLC/UV,采用C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）进行分离,甲醇-水（75∶25）为流动相进行等度洗脱,检测波长230 nm。结果 测定4批兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊中邻苯二甲酸酯的含量。其中在1.4~14 μg·mL^-1内,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯线性方程为Y=48.848ρ-2.811 2（r=0.999 9）;在1.36~20.4 μg·mL^-1内,DEP的线性方程为Y=67.619ρ-30.754（r= 0.999 0）;在1.5~15.5 μg·mL^-1内,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的线性方程为Y=36.759ρ-4.8507（r=0.999 9）。邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯加样回收率分别为91.3%、96.1%和94.7%,其RSD分别为2.9%、4.4%和4.7%。结论 本方法操作简单,灵敏度高,具有较强的抗干扰能力,可准确测定兰索拉唑肠溶胶囊中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的含量。     

GC/MS测定复方氢氧化铝片中增塑剂含量

 目的 建立分析测定复方氢氧化铝片对药品包装中增塑剂吸附情况研究的气质联用方法。方法 色谱柱为HP-5MS石英毛细管柱（30 m×0.25 μm,0.25 mm）;离子源温度230 ℃,四级杆温度150 ℃;总离子扫描范围：m/z 50～500。结果 邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP）的线性浓度范围为0.5～20.0 μg·mL^-1,r=0.999 0,最低检出浓度为0.016 μg·mL^-1;回收率为98.8%,RSD为1.4%;日内和日间精密度的RSD分别为2.8%,3.7%。结论 该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,适用于药品中可能吸附或渗透的DEHP的检测及研究。
     

Quantitative estimation of film forming polymer-plasticizer interactions by the Lorentz-Lorenz Law

Molar refraction as well as refractive index has many uses. Beyond confirming the identity and purity of a compound, determination of molecular structure and molecular weight, molar refraction is also used in other estimation schemes, such as in critical properties, surface tension, solubility parameter, molecular polarizability, dipole moment, etc.

In the present study molar refraction values of polymer dispersions were determined for the quantitative estimation of film forming polymer–plasticizer interactions.

Information can be obtained concerning the extent of interaction between the polymer and the plasticizer from the calculation of molar refraction values of film forming polymer dispersions containing plasticizer.     

Allergic contact dermatitis from bisphenol A in PVC gloves

Bisphenol A is used as an antioxidant in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics and as an inhibitor of end polymerization in PVC. Since 1998, we have investigated 4 cases of contact allergy from bisphenol A in PVC gloves. Only the case of the first patient, a packer in the food industry, has been reported in detail. A dentist and an oral hygienist apprentice had used disposable PVC gloves made by the same manufacturer, both in 1999. The dentist's PVC gloves contained 0.044% bisphenol A. In 2002, a cabin servant had used 2 brands of household-type PVC gloves. Her gloves contained 0.12% and 0.07% bisphenol A. Moreover, 2 of the patients reacted to p-tertiary butyl catechol, a polymerization inhibitor in PVC, but the connection between the allergic reaction and the PVC gloves could not be proven. In 2002, we analysed 16 brands of disposable PVC gloves for medical use, covering at least 80% of the Finnish market. We found a very small amount of bisphenol A in 1 brand, and no p-tertiary butyl catechol in any of the gloves. Nowadays, it seems that manufacturers avoid using bisphenol A in the production of disposable gloves for medical use, but bisphenol A should be remembered as a possible contact allergen in PVC products.     

Use of Surfactants as Plasticizers in Preparing Solid Dispersions of Poorly Soluble API: Stability Testing of Selected Solid Dispersions

Purpose The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of surfactant-plasticizers on the physical stability of amorphous drug in polymer matrices formed by hot melt extrusion.Method Solid dispersions of a poorly soluble drug were prepared using PVP-K30, Plasdone-S630, and HPMC-E5 as the polymeric carriers and surfactants as plasticizers. The solid dispersions were produced by hot melt extrusion at temperatures 10°C above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carrier polymers using a 16 mm-Haake Extruder. The surfactants tested in this study included Tween-80 and Docusate Sodium. The particle size of the extrudate was reduced to have mean of 100–200 micron. The physical stability of the solid dispersions produced was monitored at 30°C/60% for six-months and at 60°C/85% for two-months in open HDPE bottles. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and dissolution testing was performed to assess the physical stability of solid dispersions upon stress testing.Results The dispersions containing HPMC-E5 were observed especially to be susceptible to physical instability under an accelerated stress conditions (60°C/85%RH) of the solid dispersion. About 6% conversion of amorphous drug to crystalline form was observed. Consequently, the system exhibits similar degree of re-crystallization upon addition of the surfactant. However, under 30°C/60%RH condition, the otherwise amorphous Drug-HPMC-E5 system has been destabilized by the addition of the surfactant. This effect is much more reduced in the extruded solid dispersions where polymeric carriers such as Plasdone S-603 and PVP-K30 (in addition to surfactants) are present. Furthermore, the drug release from the solid dispersions was unaffected at the stress conditions reported above.Conclusions Possible reasons for the enhanced stability of the dispersions are due to the surfactants ability to lower the viscosity of the melt, increase the API solubility and homogeneity in the carrier polymer. In contrast, while it is possible for the surfactants to destabilize the system by lowering the Tg and increasing the water uptake, the study confirms that this effect is minimal. By and large, the surfactants appear to be promising plasticizers to produce solid dispersions by hot melt extrusion, in so doing improving dissolution rate without compromising the physical stability of the systems.