Effect of Population Aging on the International Organ Donation Rates and the Effectiveness of the Donation Process

This study analyzed the effect of population aging on organ donation for transplants in 43 countries and on the effectiveness of the donation process by comparing the results between Spain and the United States. The percentage of the population aged 65 or over accounted for 33% of the difference in the donation rates between the countries and for 91% of the variation in the rates after age adjustment. However, the level of aging of the Spanish (16.5%) and American (12.3%) populations failed to account for the percentages of deceased donors 65 or over (28% vs. 10%), due to the different age-specific donation rates, much higher in Spain above 50 years. These differences lead to a higher effectiveness of the process in the United States (3.1 transplanted organs per donor vs. 2.5 in Spain), though at lower rates of transplant per million population (73 vs. 87). We conclude that older populations have a greater donation potential as donation rates are strongly associated with population aging. It should therefore be mandatory to adjust donation rates for age before making comparisons. Additionally, effectiveness decreases with older donors, so age should be considered when establishing standards relating to organ donation and effectiveness of the process.     

新疆家畜蠕形蚤病病原研究

本文详细介绍了在新疆发现的花蠕形蚤、叶氏蠕形蚤、北山羊蠕形蚤、羊长喙蚤和狍长喙蚤的形态学特点、地理分布和某些生物学特性。     

棉织布与无纺布尘埃粒子数及抗渗液性能比较研究

目的比较棉织布与无纺布制作的手术衣和手术洞巾等在手术铺巾时空气中的尘埃粒子数及术中抗渗液性能，为有效控制外科切口感染和预防医患交叉感染提供参考。方法将棉织布与无纺布制作的手术布类各备15包，包内内容均相同，经灭菌处理。应用尘埃粒子计数仪测定两组铺巾时、铺巾后及收巾时空气中的尘埃粒子数，同时在手术过程中观察其抗渗液性能。结果无纺布组在铺巾时、铺巾后及收巾时产生的尘埃粒子数显著少于棉织布组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；其抗渗液率为100％，而棉织布组为0。结论无纺布抗渗液性能优，可减少手术环境中的尘埃粒子数，从而控制外科切口感染；其阻隔防护效能对患者和医护人员具有双重保护作用。     

大鼠直肠壁内淋巴管的微细分布和形态特征

目的观察大鼠直肠壁内淋巴管的分布和形态、结构特点，为探讨直肠癌淋巴道转移的机制，提供形态学依据。方法用半薄、超薄切片、光镜和电镜下观察大鼠淋巴管的微细分布。结果大鼠直肠壁的黏膜固有层深部可见毛细淋巴管，黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层均有毛细淋巴管和淋巴管。结论直肠壁各层内均有毛细淋巴管，除黏膜层外，还存有淋巴管。     

Physiological pharmacokinetics of solutes in the isolated perfused rat hindlimb: Characterization of the physiology with changing perfusate flow,protein content,and temperature using statistical moment analysis

Distribution of Evans Blue (EB), sucrose, and water into the isolated perfused rat hindlimb was studied under various conditions using the multiple indicator dilution (MID) technique. Statistical moment analyses of the outflow profiles for the EB, sucrose, and water were used to define the vascular, extravascular, and total water spaces, respectively. The varied perfusion conditions included albumin content (2, 4.7, and 7%), temperature (25, 37, and 42 C), perfusate flow rate (2, 4, 8, and 12 ml/min) and the presence/absence of red blood cells. The range of studies undertaken were chosen to represent the variety of conditions used in the preparation of both isolated animal and human limbs, the latter being particularly important in cytotoxic therapy for recurrent malignant melanoma. The distribution volumes of EB, sucrose, and water were dependent on the flow rate and the albumin content of perfusate. The normalized variances (CV ² ) of the markers were of the following order: sucrose (2.18) > water (1.58) > EB (0.68), indicating that some disequilibrium occurs during the capillary exchange of water and sucrose. It is suggested that a Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 2% BSA is a suitable perfusate for most studies of the isolated rat hindlimb perfusion. The effect of albumin concentration manifests itself only at higher flows.We acknowledge the support of the National Heart Foundation (Queensland) and the Mayne Bequest Foundation. This study was conducted while the investigator (Z.Y. Wu) was in receipt of a WHO Research Training Grant. Professor M. S. Roberts also acknowledges the support of the Queensland and Northern New South Wales Lions Kidney & Medical Research Foundation.     

Stereoselective distribution of tiaprofenic acid in synovium and cartilage in osteoarthritic patients

Objective: In order to document the stereoselective distribution in joints of a chiral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the relative affinities of the enantiomers of tiaprofenic acid in synovium and for cartilage were compared. Methods: The distribution of tiaprofenic acid in synovium and in cartilage was studied 25 h after administering the racemic drug for 2 days (600 mg of a sustained-release preparation, once daily), in 12 inpatients with osteoarthritis of the hip requiring arthroplasty. Enantiomers were quantified in plasma and freeze-ground tissues by a chiral HPLC assay. Results: Plasma concentrations of the dextrorotatory (R) enantiomer (0.40 μg/ml) were higher than those of its antipode. The concentration of racemate in synovium (in dried and fresh tissues, 150% and 40%, respectively, of the concentration in plasma) was much higher than that in cartilage (in dried tissues 32% of the plasma concentration). The ratio of the active, dextrorotatory (R) enantiomer to its antipode was higher in synovial tissue than in plasma. Conclusion: Tiaprofenic acid is distributed stereoselectively in plasma and synovium, which contain a higher concentration of the active, dextrorotatory (R) enantiomer. In cartilage, it reaches only a very low concentration. Received: 26 June 1995/Accepted in revised form: 7 November 1995     

圆形分布在流行病学中的应用——2845例伤寒发病时间分析

应用圆分布分析法对莱芜市22年间两次伤寒流行的发病时间进行了分析。第一次流行在1958年—1968年共发生2239例,按月发病时间计算的平均角度为287.4°(291天),发病高峰在10月18日。第二次流行在1975年—1985年共发生606例,平均角度为294.5°(299天),发病高峰在10月26日。对两个平均角进行显著性检验,F=9.4,P<0.01。即两次流行发病时间的平均角间有高度显著性差异。     

全国部分城乡家鼠鼠情监测三年结果分析——Ⅰ.鼠种组成及地区分布

对全国部分城乡家鼠鼠情监测三年结果的分析表明:城乡家鼠组成均以三大家鼠(褐家鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠)为主,其次为食虫目臭鼩鼱~#和黑线姬鼠。五种主要鼠种在家鼠组成中的数量比基本稳定,但三年中城乡少数鼠种间的顺位有所变化。监测结果亦表明,五种主要鼠种的地区分布是:褐家鼠、小家鼠遍布所有监测的省、市、区,同以往文献中遍布全国的说法一致;黄胸鼠分布于黄河以南;食虫目中的臭鼩鼱分布于华中区以南的广大地区。这在以往文献中均已有记载,但以往文献有关黄胸鼠和臭鼩鼱分布的其他说法,则被证实为不确切的。黑线姬鼠的分布范围已超过以往文献中关于分布于东北、华北及长江流域的说法,但以往文献中关于该鼠种遍及全国的说法是否正确,则有待进一步证实。     

The influence of support conditions in the loading fixture on failure mechanisms in the push-out test: a finite element study

The usefulness of the push-out test as an indicator of interface strength was evaluated using finite element models of intact and partially failed cylindrical push-out specimens loaded against a rigid annular support. The irregular stress distributions that were found in intact specimens depended more on interface conditions at the loading fixture than on a 35% increase in interface area. The maximum stress at the interface was a tensile stress. Critical energy release rates for interface failure were calculated for flawed specimens in which flaw size was either 10 or 100 microns, and for boundary conditions at the loading fixture that were either fixed or slipping in the radial direction. The critical energy release rates depended heavily on the support boundary conditions. Thus, the results of parametric push-out tests can be reasonably compared only for specimens that are very similar in geometry and that are loaded in very carefully controlled fixtures.     

15237名出生儿的流行病学研究

目的为提高人口的基础素质提供理论依据。方法调查泰安市中心医院产科自１９６２年至１９８６年，２５年间１１年的出生登记资料。结果共１５２３７名出生儿。对低体重儿死胎儿及畸形儿（三种不良儿）的发生情况进行了调查分析。共有低体重儿１２４５名，低体重率８１．７‰，城市为６１．３‰，农村１０８．３‰。死胎儿共１８３名，死胎率为１２‰，城市为６‰，农村为１９．８‰，ＲＲ＝３．３。畸形儿总数为１６７名，畸形率１１‰，城市６．７‰，农村１６．５‰，ＲＲ＝２。三种不良儿的发生率农村均明显高于城市，结论生育的最佳年龄在２４岁至２９岁之间，怀孕的最佳时间应在６至１０月份之间。