细胞来源和培养液成分对大鼠神经前体细胞增殖和分化的影响

在成功建立体外分离培养大鼠胚胎脑和脊髓神经前体细胞(neuron precursor cells,NPCs)的基础上,本研究设计了三种培养液组合:DF/N2、DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27),观察在不同培养液成分对胚胎脑和脊髓NPCs增殖和分化的影响。结果显示:与NF/N2組和DF/B27组相比,脑来源的NPCs在DF/(N2+B27)中增殖最快、最稳定(P<0.01),而脊髓来源的NPCs在三种培养液组合中的增殖速度无明显差异。脑和胚胎15 d脊髓来源的NPCs在DF/B27和DF/(N2+B27)中分化为神经元的比例明显高于DF/N2组合(P<0.01);取自胚胎15 d的脊髓NPCs分化为神经元和少突胶质细胞的比例均显著高于胚胎16 d的NPCs(P<0.05)。以上结果提示:(1)在培养液中同时添加N2和B27不仅可以提高体外培养的NPCs的增殖速度,同时可显著增加神经元分化的比例;(2)NPCs的分化潜能可因NPCs来源(脑或脊髓)和发育阶段的不同而有差异。     

The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia upon the extracellular fluid volume in the dog,studied by continuous infusion and single injection methods

The effect of pentobarbital anaesthesia on the volume and ionic composition of the extracellular space was studied in adult male mongrel dogs with permanent catheters in aorta and pulmonary artery. The extracellular fluid volume (Q ^ec ) was determined with: a) methods based on equilibration of the indicator throughoutQ ^ec by continuous infusion; b) methods based on the assumption that after a single injection of indicator the plasma indicator concentration equals extracellular indicator concentration as long as the log plasma indicator concentration-time curve is linear; c) a single injection method based on a closed flow system model with a single inflow and a single outflow orifice. The measurements were made before and 30 and 90 min after induction of anaesthesia. Thirty minutes after induction of anaesthesiaQ ^ec as determined with the method sub a, had decreased by about 10% and remained so during the following 60 min. The values ofQ ^ec as calculated by the method sub c fairly agreed withQ ^ec as determined with the method sub a and also showed a decrease ofQ ^ec during pentobarbital anaesthesia. The procedures sub b overestimatedQ ^ec and yielded a seemingly higherQ ^ec during anaesthesia, because the boundary conditions for these procedures do not apply. The haemoglobin concentration decreased by about 10% and the lactate concentration by about 50%. The phosphate concentration increased by about 25% while the other electrolyte concentrations (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^–, HCO ₃ ^– ) did not change. A respiratory acidosis developed during the first 30 min and almost disappeared in the following 60 min. Possible explanations for the pentobarbital-induced concentration ofQ ^ec are discussed.     

Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus dietary restriction on body composition,resting energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in mildly obese middle-aged women

This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise plus voluntary food restriction on the body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR) and aerobic fitness of mildly obese middle-aged women. The subjects were randomly assigned to exercise/diet (n = 17) or control (n = 15) groups. The exercise/diet group participated in an aerobic training programme, 45–60 min · day ^–1 at 50%–60% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max), 3–4 days · week^–1, and also adopted a self-regulated energy deficit relative to predicted energy requirements (–1.05 MJ · day ^–1 to –1.14 MJ · day ^–1 ). After the regimen had been followed for 12 weeks, the body mass of the subjects had decreased by an average of 4.5 kg, due mainly to fat loss, with little change of fat free mass (m _ff). The absolute RMR did not change, but the experimental group showed significant increases in the RMR per unit of body mass (10%) and the RMR per unit of m _ff (4%). The increase in RMR/m _ff was not correlated with any increase in VO_2max/m _ff. The resting heat production per unit of essential body mass increased by an average of 21%, but the resting heat production rate per unit of fat tissue mass remained unchanged. We concluded that aerobic exercise enhances the effect of moderate dietary restriction by augmenting the metabolic activity of lean tissue.     

Failure to demonstrate early metabolic changes in weanling growth-retarded hypophagic rats with lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei

Experiment 1: Weanling male rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMNL rats); sham-operated animals served as controls. Rats were killed four hours and three and seven days postoperatively (post-op). Plasma was obtained and epididymal fat pads, diaphragm and liver aliquots were harvested and the in vitro incorporation of U-14C-glucose into CO2, glycogen, lipid and saponifiable fatty acids (FAs) were measured. Body weight, carcass lipid and food intake were significantly lower in DMNL rats than in controls. The only significant lesion-induced metabolic changes were hypoglycemia and greater tracer incorporation into epididymal fat pad lipid and diaphragm glycogen. Both DMNL rats and controls showed similar time courses of tracer incorporation into epididymal CO2 and FAs, diaphragm lipid and liver CO2, glycogen, lipid and FAs. Lesioned rats also showed more pronounced decreases of tracer incorporation from day 0 to day 3 in epididymal glycogen and lipid and diaphragm CO2 and glycogen. These data make it appear unlikely that very early deficits in glucose metabolism are the cause of the growth retardation seen in long-term studies with DMNL rats. The data also demonstrate considerable locus specificity, since weanling rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions (VMNL rats) in similar short-term studies have shown dramatic alterations in the above parameters. Experiment 2: Weanling DMNL rats and sham-operated rats were injected via tail vein with tritiated water one hour post-op. One hour after the injection they were decapitated. There were no significant differences between DMNL rats and controls in mumoles tritiated water incorporated into total liver, grams liver tissue, mg liver glycogen and ml or mg plasma glucose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of tibolone on body composition in postmenopausal women: a 1-year follow up study

Objective: We investigated the effects of 1-year tibolone treatment on body weight, body composition and indices of android obesity in postmenopausal women.

Methods: Forty-four postmenopausal women participated in this open-label controlled study; mean age was 51.8 ± 2.21 years and all women were menopausal for 3.8 ± 1.40 years. Twenty-two of them started taking 2.5 mg tibolone (TIB) daily for 1 year, whereas the remaining 22 served as age-matched controls. All subjects underwent a structured interview, physical examination, body composition measurements performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) — Hologic QDR 4500 A, as well as bioelectrical body impedance analysis (BI) — Tanita TBF-215, Japan.

Results: The TIB group did not significantly increase their weight (+0.4 kg), while the non-treated controls increased their mean weight by 1.4 kg (p = 0.046). In the TIB group, DXA showed a non-significant body fat decrease by a mean of 0.5 kg and a non-significant lean mass increase by 0.8 kg, while in the control group, fat mass increased by 1.7 kg (p = 0.032) and lean mass did not change. BI revealed that the TIB group had lost some fat (≈0.6 kg, n.s.) and put some free-fat mass (≈1.0 kg, p = 0.048) without changes in total body water. The control group put on some fat (≈1.1 kg, p = 0.042) and lost some body water (≈0.4 kg, n.s.).

Conclusion: Results from both methods of measuring body composition show a similar trend: a decrease in fat mass and an increase in lean mass in TIB treated subjects. From the body composition perspective, tibolone may be regarded as a preferential alternative to conventional hormonal therapy (HT) in postmenopausal women.     

太原市8~11岁儿童体成分与血清尿酸的相关性分析

目的 分析8~11岁儿童体成分和尿酸的含量以及不同年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)之间的差异,分析血尿酸与体成分各指标的相关性。方法 以2020年4—12月在太原市妇幼保健院营养科体检的306例8~11岁儿童为研究对象,检测身高、体重及体成分各项指标,并检测血清尿酸的水平,分析该年龄段儿童体成分特征及其与尿酸的相关性。结果 男童和女童体成分各指标相比,男童的BMI显著高于女童,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.253,P<0.05),其余各指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);BMI和体脂百分比(PBF)在女童中判断肥胖的一致性较高(Kappa值=0.642),而在男童中的一致性较低(Kappa值=0.438);男童中9岁年龄组一致性最高(Kappa值=0.669),女童中11岁年龄组一致性最高(Kappa值=0.761);Person相关性分析显示,尿酸与体成分各指标均呈正相关,男童中,BMI与血尿酸的相关性最大(r=0.579,P<0.001);女童中,BMI(r=0.706,P<0.001)、体脂肪含量(r=0.705,P<0.001)与血尿酸的相关性最大,多重线性回归分析显示,BMI对8~11岁儿童血清尿酸影响最大(P<0.05)。结论 太原市8~11岁儿童身体状况与全国水平较为接近;体成分PBF与BMI筛查8~11岁儿童肥胖率具有较高的一致性;体成分各指标与血清尿酸水平均有相关性,对于BMI较高的儿童,应注意预防早期高尿酸血症。     

Effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program in adults with obesity: IGOBE program

BackgroundTo achieve sustainable weight loss and healthy lifestyle changes is a huge challenge in the fight against obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness to promote weight loss maintenance and healthy lifestyle habits of a group educational intervention program, Group Intervention in OBEsity (IGOBE), compared with a usual care therapy to lose weight.MethodsPatients with obesity (n = 437; 18.5% men, 18–77 years and 40.4 ± 6.7 kg/m²) were randomised into two groups to follow a prospective interventional real-life study: a control group (CG), treated with usual clinical practice, and an intervention group (IG), in which the patients participate in a group intervention program on healthy lifestyle habits with weekly sessions for six weeks, after which a re-evaluation was made at six months and at 12 months of follow-up. After finishing the study dropout rates were 44.6% in CG and 43.4% in IG. Anthropometric, dietetic habits and body composition data were analysed in both groups at the pre-intervention and post-interventions of the subjects by completer’s analysis.ResultsAt 12 months of following IGOBE program, the IG achieved greater weight loss (–7.1% of the initial weight) than the CG, which exhibited a weight gain (3.0% of the initial weight). The body weight change induced in the IG was accompanied by a reduction in fat mass, particularly visceral fat and waist circumference. Relevantly, the IG adhered to a healthy dietary pattern and changed its eating habits, which correlated with the improvement in body weight.ConclusionsIntensive educational group treatment that induces a change of eating habits and adherence to healthy dietary pattern is more effective in a long-term to counteract obesity traits than a standard treatment performed individually. The IGOBE program could be a cost-effective practice in the clinical management of obesity.     

Dietary Intake Assessment of Pre-Packed Graviera Cheese in Greece and Nutritional Characterization Using the Nutri-Score Front of Pack Label Scheme

Gravieras are ‘gruyere’ type hard cheeses with a variety of different products and the second highest consumption in Greece. In this study, we present a dietary intake assessment and a nutritional characterization of pre-packed graviera products sold in the Greek market using Nutri-Score Front of Pack Label (FoPL). The nutrient contents of 92 pre-packed graviera products were combined with daily individual consumption data extracted from the Hellenic National Nutrition Health Survey (n = 93), attempting to evaluate the contribution of graviera’s consumption to the Greek diet. The analysis of nutrients’ intake as a Reference Intake (RI) percentage ranked saturated fat first on the nutrients’ intake list, with RI percentage ranging from 36.1 to 109.2% for the 95th percentile of consumption. The respective % RI for energy, total fat, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins and salt ranged from 12.7–20.7%, 21.6–50.4%, 0–3.1%, 0–6.1%, 37–57.1% and 6.3–42%. Nutri-Score classified 1% of the products to C—light orange class, 62% to D—orange and 37% to E—dark orange, while no products were classified to A—dark green or B—green classes. The comparison between the Nutri-Score classification and the nutrients’ intake assessment, also separately conducted within the classes, showed a higher salt intake after the consumption of products classified as D—orange and E—dark orange.     

Human Milk Exosomal MicroRNA: Associations with Maternal Overweight/Obesity and Infant Body Composition at 1 Month of Life

Among all the body fluids, breast milk is one of the richest sources of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs packaged within the milk exosomes are bioavailable to breastfeeding infants. The role of miRNAs in determining infant growth and the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on human milk (HM) miRNAs is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on select miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-30b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-let-7a and miR-32) involved in adipogenesis and glucose metabolism and to examine the relationship of these miRNAs with measures of infant body composition in the first 6 months of life. Milk samples were collected from a cohort of 60 mothers (30 normal-weight [NW] and 30 overweight [OW]/obese [OB]) at 1-month and a subset of 48 of these at 3 months of lactation. Relative abundance of miRNA was determined using real-time PCR. The associations between the miRNAs of interest and infant weight and body composition at one, three, and six months were examined after adjusting for infant gestational age, birth weight, and sex. The abundance of miR-148a and miR-30b was lower by 30% and 42%, respectively, in the OW/OB group than in the NW group at 1 month. miR-148a was negatively associated with infant weight, fat mass, and fat free mass, while miR-30b was positively associated with infant weight, percent body fat, and fat mass at 1 month. Maternal obesity is negatively associated with the content of select miRNAs in human milk. An association of specific miRNAs with infant body composition was observed during the first month of life, suggesting a potential role in the infant’s adaptation to enteral nutrition.     

What Are the Maternal Factors that Potentially Intervenes in the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk?

Background: To evaluate the potential factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk of puerperal women. Methods: cross-sectional study, conducted between March 2016 and August 2017, with 107 women, selected in a Tertiary Health Care Tertiary Health Facility of the Unified Health System (SUS) in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. Data were collected two months after delivery. The dependent variable of the study was the nutritional composition of human milk. We divided the independent variables into hierarchical levels: distal (age, schooling, parity and pregestational nutritional status), intermediate (number of prenatal visits and gestational weight gain) and proximal (alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes mellitus and hypertension). For data analysis, we applied the multiple linear regression, centered on the hierarchical model. Only the variables associated with the nutritional composition of breast milk remained in the final model at a 5% level of significance. Results: The nutritional composition of human milk yielded by women with pregestational overweight, smokers and hypertensive had higher amounts of lipids and energy. Conversely, women with gestational weight gain below the recommended had lower amounts of these components. Conclusion: The evaluation of factors associated with the nutritional composition of human milk is extremely important to assist post-partum care practices. In this study, we observed that lipid and energy contents were associated to pregestational nutritional status, gestational weight gain, smoking and hypertension.