4厂家硝酸咪康唑乳膏的体外透皮性比较

目的:比较不同厂家(ZH、CZ、SD、FJ)硝酸咪康唑乳膏的体外透皮速度大小。方法:采用Franz扩散池收集样品,用高效液相色谱法测定24h内单位面积的累积体外透皮量,并计算透皮速率。结果:透皮速度依次为ZH>CZ>SD>FJ,且最高与最低相差9.7倍。结论:采用不同基质制备的同一制剂,其透皮性有差异。     

离子敏感型毛果芸香碱眼用原位凝胶的制备及其初步药效学考察

目的 以海藻酸钠为胶凝剂,羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为增黏剂,制备硝酸毛果芸香碱(PN)眼用原位凝胶,以增强其疗效,减少给药次数.方法 通过对海藻酸钠与HPMC的配比研究,筛选出最佳的凝胶基质,制备PN原位凝胶;以PN滴眼剂及空白凝胶为对照,以家兔瞳孔直径为评定指标,进行初步药效学考察.结果 筛选出的最佳基质组成为:1%(w/v)海藻酸钠,2%(w/v)HPMC(E50LV).与PN滴眼液相比,PN原位凝胶缩瞳作用明显延长,具有缓释效果.结论 以海藻酸钠与HPMC制备的原位凝胶PN制剂具有缓释、长效作用,值得进一步研发.     

Modifications of inflammatory pathways in rat intestine following chronic ingestion of depleted uranium.

The environmental contamination by dispersion of depleted uranium (DU) might result in its chronic ingestion of DU by local populations. The aim of this study was to determine if chronic ingestion of DU at low doses induces inflammatory reactions in intestine, first biological system exposed to uranium after ingestion. Experiments were performed with rats receiving uranium in drinking water (40 mg/l) during 3, 6, or 9 months. Several parameters referring to prostaglandin, histamine, cytokine, and nitric oxide (NO) pathways were assessed in ileum. Concerning the prostaglandin pathway, a twofold increase in gene expression of cyclooxygenase of type 2 was noted after 6 months, with no changes in prostaglandins levels. At the same time, a decrease in mast cell number was observed without any changes in histamine levels. Experiments on cytokines showed increased gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-10 at 6 months, and decreased messenger RNA level of CCL-2. This change was associated with decreased macrophage density. An opposite effect of DU was induced on neutrophils, since increased number was observed at 3 (x1.7) and 9 months (x3). The results obtained on NO pathway seemed to indicate that DU exposure inhibited this pathway (decreased endothelial NO synthase messenger RNA, inductive NO synthase activity and NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-) levels) at 6 months. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that chronic ingestion of DU-induced time-dependent modifications of inflammatory pathways, notably in terms of immune cell content. The ultimate effects of DU contamination might be pathogenic by suppressing defense mechanisms or inducing hypersensitivity. Further experiments should be thus performed to determine real consequences on intestinal response to oral antigens.     

硝酸酯类药物耐药的研究进展

硝酸酯类药物在临床上广泛用于冠心病和充血性心力衰竭的治疗；但硝酸酯耐药的出现，使其临床应用受到一定限制。目前有关硝酸酯耐药的机制、预防等方面的研究已取得了一定的进展，本文对此进行综述。     

银染法观察铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜变化初探

目的探讨银染法观察细菌生物被膜在药物作用前后变化的可靠性。方法建立细菌生物被膜,分别用银染法和扫描电镜进行观察生物被膜的变化。结果银染后普通光学显微镜观察和扫描电镜观察对生物被膜变化的观察结果完全相符。结论用银染法观察细菌生物膜的变化便捷、可靠。     

胃癌危险性不同人群膳食硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C摄入量

本文研究福建省长乐县胃癌危险性不同的人群膳食硝酸盐(NO_3~-)、亚硝酸盐(NO_2~-)及维生素C摄入量。胃癌死亡率较高的漳港乡居民NO_3~-摄入量(132.75mg/日)明显高于死亡率居中的首占乡(84.65mg/日)(P<0.05),但与死亡率较低的梅花乡(113.12mg/日)无显著性差异。NO_2~-摄入量漳港乡显著高于首占乡和梅花乡(3.36mg/日对0.21和0.73mg/日)(P<0.01)。首占乡居民维生素C摄入量(56.13mg/日)明显低于漳港乡(123.09mg/日)和梅花乡(105.90mg/日)(P<0.01)。维生素C摄入量与NO_2~-摄入量的摩尔比值三个乡分别为3.22、3.30和4.33,与胃癌死亡率呈相反平行关系。结果提示:NO_3~-和NO_2~-可能是该地区胃癌高发的因素之一。     

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of some antihistamines through the determination of the chloride of their hydrochlorides

Two simple, rapid and reliable methods for the determination of four antihistamines based on the measurement of the chloride of their hydrochlorides are described. In the titrimetric method, the chloride content of each drug is determined by titrating with mercury(II) nitrate using diphenylcarbazone-bromothymol blue as indicator. In the spectrophotometric method, to a fixed concentration of mercury(II)-diphenylcarbazone complex different amounts of drug are added and the decrease in absorbance of mercury(II)-diphenylcarbazone complex, consequent to the replacement of diphenylcarbazone of the complex by the chloride of the drug, was measured at 540 nm. The stoichiometry of the reaction that forms the basis for titrimetry is assessed. Different variables affecting the color formation in spectrophotometry were studied and optimized. At the wavelength of maximum absorption, Beer's law is obeyed in the 0-100 microg ml(-1) range. The molar absorptivity and Sandell sensitivity are calculated. The proposed methods were applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing these drugs. Statistical treatment of the experimental results indicates that the procedures are precise and accurate. Excipients used as additives in pharmaceutical formulations did not interfere in the proposed procedures as shown by the recovery studies.     

An ecologic study of nitrate in municipal drinking water and cancer incidence in Trnava District,Slovakia

Contamination of drinking water by nitrate is an evolving public health concern since nitrate can undergo endogenous reduction to nitrite, and nitrosation of nitrites can form N-nitroso compounds, which are potent carcinogens. We conducted an ecologic study to determine whether nitrate levels in drinking water were correlated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the digestive and urinary tracts in an agricultural district (Trnava District; population 237,000) of the Slovak Republic. Routinely collected nitrate data (1975-1995) for villages using public water supplies were computerized, and each village was categorized into low (0-10 mg/L), medium (10.1-20 mg/L), or high (20.1-50 mg/L) average levels of total nitrate in drinking water. Observed cases of cancer in each of these villages were ascertained through the district cancer registry for the time period 1986-1995. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all cancer and selected cancer sites were calculated by indirect standardization using age- and sex-specific incidence rates from the entire district. For all cancer in women, SIRs increased from villages with low (SIR=0.87; 95% CI 0.72-0.95) to medium (SIR=1.07; 95% CI 1.00-1.13) to high (SIR=1.14; 1.06-1.22) levels of nitrate (P for trend <0.001); there was a similar trend for all cancer in men from low (SIR=0.90; 95% CI 0.81-0.99) to medium (SIR=1.08, 95% CI 1.02-1.16), but not for high (SIR=0.94; 0.88-1.02), nitrate levels (P for trend <0.001). This pattern in the SIRs (from low to high nitrate level) was also seen for stomach cancer in women (0.81, 0.94, 1.24; P for trend=0.10), colorectal cancer in women (0.64, 1.11, 1.29; P for trend <0.001) and men (0.77, 0.99, 1.07; P for trend=0.051), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women (0.45, 0.90, 1.35; P for trend=0.13) and men (0.25, 1.66, and 1.09; P for trend=0.017). There were no associations for kidney or bladder cancer. These ecologic data support the hypothesis that there is a positive association between nitrate in drinking water and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and colorectal cancer.     

The hypersensitivity pneumonitis diagnostic index: use of non-invasive testing to diagnose hypersensitivity pneumonitis in metalworkers

BACKGROUND: Since 1993, several outbreaks of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) have been reported in metalworkers. We report the largest outbreak of HP in metalworkers yet known. It occurred in a Connecticut factory that produces precision parts for the aerospace industry. The workers typically presented with systemic and respiratory problems ("sick fatigue," myalgias, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness). They had variable findings on clinical tests, which complicated diagnosis. An HP diagnostic index was developed to help reduce the uncertainties in case identification. METHODS: Data from 16 biopsy-confirmed cases and 14 non-HP patients were compared, and the HP diagnostic index was derived using variables that best discriminated between the two groups. The index is based on (a) work-related symptoms, (b) dry crackles on auscultation, (c) restrictive spirometry, (d) decreased diffusion capacity and/or increased A-a oxygen gradient, (e) elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, (f) abnormal radiographic images, and (g) abnormal gallium scans. We then applied the HP diagnostic index and, for comparison, the "Kenosha epidemiological case criteria" (developed during a recent HP outbreak in an automobile factory) to our data set. RESULTS: The HP diagnostic index and the Kenosha criteria confirmed HP in overlapping sets of 36 and 34 patients, respectively, that were both in good agreement with the clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: The HP diagnostic index relies less heavily on symptoms, subjective evaluations, and invasive tests than the Kenosha criteria, but both identified similar subsets of the 61 patients as having HP. The HP diagnostic index could provide a useful tool in future HP outbreaks, which are increasingly being recognized in metalworking facilities.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定曲咪新乳膏中硝酸咪康唑和醋酸曲安奈德的含量

目的建立一种RP-HPLC法测定曲咪新乳膏中硝酸咪康唑和醋酸曲安奈德的含量。方法采用LabAllianceSMT C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(用三乙胺调节pH值至7.0)(82∶18)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为240 nm,用内标法测定,内标是硝酸益康唑。结果硝酸咪康唑和醋酸曲安奈德的线性范围分别为102.88~411.52μg.mL-1(r=0.999 7)和9.52~38.08μg.mL-1(r=0.999 9),平均回收率分别为99.38%和99.62%(n=9),精密度良好。结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,适于曲咪新乳膏中硝酸咪康唑和醋酸曲安奈德的含量测定。