Nutritional Aspects of Breath Testing Based on Stable Isotopes

Stable isotope methodologies offer a number of possibilities for the nutritional assessment of many different processes and metabolic pathways. The application of stable isotopes has been boosted by the development of new mass spectrometers, lower costs of probes, and the risks associated with radioactive tracers. The use of ¹³C as a tracer offers all the advantages of stable isotopes and has been widely applied for measuring various types of metabolic processes. This review is focused on clinical and nutritional assessments using ¹³C breath tests.     

短期低氮低热卡肠外营养在术后患者的应用评价

目的研究术后短期低氮低热卡肠外营养对胃肠肿瘤患者体重、血糖、急性相反应蛋白及感染并发症的影响。方法64例行胃肠肿瘤根治术患者随机分为两组,即研究组(低氮低热卡)和对照组(标准热氮卡)各32例。术后第2~7天进行肠外营养支持。监测术前和术后第2、4、8天血糖、急性相反应蛋白(CRP)、转氨酶(ALT、AST)的变化,于术前及术后第8天测体重。结果两组患者术后第2天血糖均明显升高,术后第4、8天血糖和CRP研究组仍升高,但较对照组减少(P<0.05),术后第8天研究组的血糖、CRP均恢复正常,而对照组下降缓慢,两组间转氨酶(ALT、AST)和体重变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组感染相关并发症较研究组高(P<0.05)。结论胃肠术后短期低氮低热卡肠外营养有利于患者血糖和创伤应激反应的恢复,可能会减少感染相关并发症。     

Le kiwi, votre partenaire santé

Résumé Le kiwi est par définition une baie : il possède un grand nombre de graines incluses dans une chair comestible. Le kiwi a pour nom latinActinidia et il y a principalement deux espèces d’Actinidia :Actinidia chinensis etActinidia deliciosa. Le kiwi n’est pas seulement un fruit agréable à manger, il est aussi une source exceptionnellement riche en diverses vitamines. Le kiwi est notamment très riche en vitamine C puisqu’il en contient 50 % plus qu’une orange. Le kiwi contient aussi des vitamines K et E. Il est également une source non négligeable de potassium et de folate. Il contient aussi un laxatif, qui plus est, puissant. La qualité nutritionnelle du kiwi ne s’altère pas même pendant une longue durée de stockage pour certains nutriments. Cependant, les risques de réponse allergique ne doivent pas être sous-estimés. The kiwifruit is, by definition, a berry: it has a large number of seeds embedded in fleshy, edible tissue. The Latin name of kiwifruit isActinidia and there are two main species ofActinidia that are commercially important:Actinidia chinensis andActinidia deliciosa. Kiwifruit are not only enjoyable to eat. They are exceptionally good sources of vitamin C and they are also excellent sources of potassium and folate and possibly of vitamin E and vitamin K. They contain a most effective laxative. There is very little, if any, loss of nutritional quality during storage. However, the risks from the allergic response to kiwifruit should not be underestimated.

     

肠内营养在慢性阻塞性肺病机械通气治疗与护理中的作用

目的　探讨肠内营养对慢性阻塞性肺病 (COPD)机械通气治疗与护理中的作用。方法　行机械通气的2 8例患者随机分为 2组 ,治疗组 14例给予安素营养 4周 ,对照组 14例给予一定量糖、脂肪、氨基酸等常规输液 ,上述两组病人每周常规测定血清蛋白 (ALB)、IgA、IgG、IgM、FEV1、PaO2 、PaCO2 及一次脱机成功率。结果　治疗 2周末实验组ALB、IgA、IgG、IgM均显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ;治疗 4周末治疗组所有指标均显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　肠内营养是COPD机械通气患者的一项重要治疗措施 ,良好细致的护理是保证其成功实施的关键     

哺乳期营养对室间隔心肌细胞发育的影响——游离心肌细胞的形态测量

在心肌细胞分化性生长时期,改变新生鼠的哺乳期营养条件对这些鼠的空间隔心肌细胞将会产生暂时性作用和持久性影响。哺乳期高营养的暂时性作用是增加空间隔心肌细胞的大小和数量;而低营养的暂时性作用则是减慢室间隔心肌细胞的生长。哺乳期高营养的持久性作用是限制室间隔心肌细胞的过度肥大;而低营养则促进成熟鼠的室间隔心肌细胞的过度肥大。     

THE EMERGING ROLE FOR LAPAROSCOPIC GASTROSTOMY

A gastrostomy was fashioned laparoscopically in a 15 year old patient with a severe head injury. A preceding attempt at percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy had failed. The gastrostomy tube was inserted into the stomach under vision and the stomach attached to the anterior abdominal wall by sutures.     

综合性营养评估法在维持性血液透析患者中的应用分析

目的 对血液透析患者的几项营养指标进行评估。方法 依据SGA评分对142例维持性血液透析患者进行主观综合性营养评估（SGA）、膳食调查、生化参数的测量。结果 平均每日每公斤体重能量和蛋白质摄入（DEI、DPI）、血白蛋白，均有显著性差异（P〈0．001—0．05）。但营养良好组的DPI和DEI异常率高达49．0％、46．0％，重度营养不良组中各指标异常率均在80％以上。血前白蛋白与白蛋白有显著相关（P〈0．01），与DPI、DEI均无相关。结论 SGA是评价血透患者营养状况的简便方法，但还需其它反映营养状况不同侧面的指标的补充，如DEI、DPI、血白蛋白。前白蛋白作为血透患者营养监测的常规指标有待进一步证实。     

微生态肠内营养在结直肠癌患者围手术期的应用

目的:探讨微生态肠内营养在结直肠癌患者围手术期应用中的疗效。方法:将90例结直肠癌患者随机分为3组:常规治疗组(RT)、肠内营养组(EN)及添加微生态制剂肠内营养组(EMN)。观察患者术中肠道清洁度以及术后排气时间、吻合口漏、感染情况以及菌群失调情况,并监测手术前后内毒素、CRP、TNF水平变化及淋巴细胞计数改变。结果:术后排气时间EN组及MEN组均早于RT组(P<0.05),而EMN组早于EN组(P<0.05);第1次排便后细菌油镜计数结果示EN组及MEN组均明显低于RT组(P<0.05),而EMN组低于EN组(P<0.05)。术后外周血内毒素及CRP水平EN组及MEN组均低于RT组(P<0.05),而EMN组低于EN组(P<0.05);外周血淋巴细胞计数EMN组较术前有所增加(P<0.05),其他两组无明显变化;TNF水平各组均高于术前水平(P<0.05)。肠腔清洁度、吻合口漏、切口感染率及腹腔感染率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:添加微生态制剂肠内营养能有效防治患者肠道菌群失调,增强机体免疫力,促进肠道功能恢复。     

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes among Korean adults: The 2001 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey

This study aimed to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Korea, a rapidly changing country. Data of 5,132 adults aged 20-85 were used from the 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for T2D. Three models were specified: (i) socioeconomic and demographic factors (model 1: age, gender, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) behavioral risk factors and covariates (model 2: obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary quality, family history of T2D, co-morbidity) and (iii) socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors (model 3). The prevalence of T2D was 7.4%. Less education (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84), age (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.56-3.08 in 40-59 yrs, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.76-5.95 in 60 yrs + comparing to 20-39 yrs) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.79-2.82) were risk factors for T2D even after controlling for other factors simultaneously. There was a significant association of T2D with ever smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.67). The relationship of age with T2D was modified by gender in model 1 and the relationship of smoking with T2D was modified by obesity in model 2. Less educated, older, obese or ever smokers were more likely to have T2D. Gender mediated the relationship of age, and obesity mediated the relationship of smoking, with T2D. Intervention programs for T2D in Korea should take the interactions among risk factors into account.     

免疫增强型肠内营养对老年胃癌术后免疫功能的影响

目的评价免疫增强型肠内营养对老年胃癌患者术后营养、免疫功能、炎性反应及并发症方面的影响。方法66例胃癌患者随机分成免疫增强肠内营养组(34例)与常规肠内营养组(32例),术后24 h给等热量、氮量肠内营养支持1周,比较术前1 d、术后第9天两组的营养、免疫指标、细胞因子的变化及并发症情况。结果术后免疫增强组前白蛋白与转铁蛋白均上升,而常规组均下降,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后白蛋白两组均下降(P>0.05);术后两组IgMI、gA均升高且免疫增强组的升高更明显(P<0.05);术后免疫增强组的CD3 、CD4 及CD4 /CD8 均高于常规组(P<0.05),但CD8 无差异(P>0.05);术后两组IL-1α与IL-2均有下降,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后两组IL-6与TNF-α均升高,且常规组IL-6、TNF-α的升高更明显(P<0.05);术后免疫增强组感染性并发症发生率(11.8%)明显低于常规组(25%)(P<0.05)。结论老年胃癌患者术后给予免疫增强型肠内营养在提高蛋白质合成、减轻炎性反应、改善免疫功能及降低并发症方面优于常规的肠内营养。