双甲酸涂靶法对丝状真菌鉴定的临床应用评价

目的探讨双甲酸涂靶法对临床丝状真菌鉴定的应用价值,优化质谱仪对丝状真菌鉴定的前处理流程。方法收集2019年2月至2020年5月广东省人民医院临床分离丝状真菌212株,经形态学初筛并以基因测序为标准,评价双甲酸涂靶法及乙腈-甲酸提取法对菌株鉴定的一致性。结果 212株丝状真菌经基因测序至种、复合群、属的鉴定率分别为84.91%、100%、100%,经双甲酸涂靶法和乙腈-甲酸提取法鉴定至种、复合群、属的鉴定率分别为43.87%、91.04%、91.04%和45.75%、93.40%、93.40%。与测序法比较,双甲酸涂靶法和乙腈-甲酸提取法在种、复合群、属的鉴定Kappa值分别为0.022、0.421、0.421和0.056、0.536、0.536;双甲酸涂靶法与乙腈-甲酸提取法鉴定一致性比较,种、复合群、属水平Kappa值分别为0.880、0.726和0.726。结论双甲酸涂靶法前处理流程在丝状真菌的鉴定能力上与乙腈-甲酸提取法接近,可应用于临床丝状真菌的前处理质谱鉴定。     

不同丛枝菌根真菌组合对滇重楼光合生理和化学成分的影响

目的:研究接种不同丛枝菌根(AM)真菌组合对滇重楼幼苗的生长发育和入药品质的影响,为培育优质滇重楼药材提供参考。方法:通过室温盆栽接种试验方法,在灭菌栽培土壤中分别接种9组不同AM真菌组合,以不接种为空白组,观察不同AM真菌组合对滇重楼幼苗的根系侵染率、光合参数、生理指标及化学成分等的影响。结果:接种外源AM真菌组合显著增加滇重楼根际土壤中的孢子密度、根系AM真菌的侵染率和侵染强度,以及根内琥珀酸脱氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性;与空白组相比,不同AM真菌处理组对滇重楼叶片叶绿素含量、丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性等均有不同程度的提高;接种混合AM真菌可以诱导滇重楼次生代谢过程的变化,总皂苷含量在T1至T2时期呈上升趋势,T2至T4时期急速减少,到T5时期有所提高。结论:不同混合AM真菌能与滇重楼根系形成良好的共生关系,提高菌根生活力,增强滇重楼对外界不利环境的抗逆性,促进滇重楼的生长发育以及提高根茎品质。从综合接种效应来看S5,S8,S9组AM真菌组合效果最佳,为滇重楼菌根生物技术的运用提供了参考价值。     

Mucor fragilis as a novel source of the key pharmaceutical agents podophyllotoxin and kaempferol

Context: Podophyllotoxin, a pharmaceutically important bioactive compound of Podophyllum sps. (Berberidaceae), is in great demand worldwide as an anticancer and antivirus drug precursor. However, the source of podophyllotoxin is very limited due to the endangered status of the Podophyllum plant.

Objective: The aim of this study was to isolate podophyllotoxin-producing endophytic fungi from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying (1979) (Berberidaceae) plants of the Taibai Mountains of China in order to obtain bioactive compounds.

Materials and methods: The strains producing kaempferol and podophyllotoxin were screened by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The presence of kaempferol and podophyllotoxin in extracts of these strains was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses.

Results: Among six endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of S. hexandrum, one strain was able to produce kaempferol. Another strain, named TW5, was able to produce both kaempferol and podophyllotoxin simultaneously according to the TLC, HPLC, and NMR results. The podophyllotoxin yield of TW5 was calculated to be 49.3?μg/g of mycelial dry weight after 7-d fermentation. Strain TW5 was identified morphologically and phylogenetically to be Mucor fragilis Fresen. (Mucoraceae). These results suggest that the podophyllotoxin-synthesizing ability is obtained by uptaking genes involved in the podophyllotoxin synthesis from the host plant into endophytic fungal genomes.

Conclusion: Our results showed, for the first time, that the endophytic fungus M. fragilis is able to produce simultaneously the same two bioactive metabolites, podophyllotoxin and kaempferol, as its host plant. Furthermore, the relatively high podophyllotoxin yield obtained may improve the industrial production of podophyllotoxin, which may help protect this endangered plant.     

深海来源真菌Aspergillus sp .SCSIOW3抗A-beta多肽聚集活性成分的研究

摘要：目的 对一株南海深海来源真菌（Aspergillus sp .SCSIOW3）的抗Aβ聚集活性成分进行了分离、鉴定。方法 利用ThT荧光模型活性追踪分离 Aspergillus sp .SCSIOW3发酵产物中抗Aβ42多肽聚集活性物质,结合理化性质、波谱数据并参阅文献确定活性化合物的结构。结果 从Aspergillus sp .SCSIOW3中分离鉴定了2个具有抗Aβ42多肽聚集活性的桔霉素类衍生物：phenol A acid（1）和Penicitrinone A（2）,其中化合物2在100 uM表现出与阳性对照EGCG同等程度的活性。结论 phenol A acid（1）和Penicitrinone A（2）为橘霉素衍生物,这是首次报导该类化合物的抗Aβ多肽聚集活性,具有潜在的理论和实际应用研究价值。     

浙江天目山和建德地区产银杏中内生真菌多样性的比较研究

目的比较银杏内生真菌在浙江天目山地区和建德地区以及在同一地区雄株与雌株银杏中的种群结构。方法利用PDA培养基对采集自天目山地区和建德地区以及天目山地区雄株和雌株的银杏内生真菌分别进行分离、纯化,根据菌株群落的培养特征及5.8S和ITS区片段序列相似性比较和系统发育分析,进行菌株鉴定。结果从天目山地区和建德地区分别分离得到440、382株内生真菌。天目山地区内生真菌归属到9目、14科、19属、28种;建德地区内生真菌归属到8目、10科、11属、26种。银杏各组织部位内生真菌的数量和种类按由多到少排序:枝条>树皮>叶。天目山地区雄株银杏内生真菌在定殖率和菌株个数上均高于雌株银杏。结论银杏内生真菌具有极其丰富的物种多样性,天目山地区银杏内生真菌在种类和数量上均多于建德地区。天目山地区雌雄株银杏在菌种种类和数量上存在差异,雄株银杏内生真菌在菌种数量上具有一定的优势。     

Ergot Alkaloids Produced by Endophytic Fungi of the Genus Epichlo?

The development of fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë in grasses results in the production of different groups of alkaloids, whose mechanism and biological spectrum of toxicity can differ considerably. Ergot alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected tall fescue, are responsible for “fescue toxicosis” in livestock, whereas indole-diterpene alkaloids, when present in endophyte-infected ryegrass, are responsible for “ryegrass staggers”. In contrast, peramine and loline alkaloids are deterrent and/or toxic to insects. Other toxic effects in livestock associated with the consumption of endophyte-infected grass that contain ergot alkaloids include the “sleepy grass” and “drunken horse grass” diseases. Although ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in endophyte-infected tall fescue and is recognized as responsible for fescue toxicosis, a number of questions still exist concerning the profile of alkaloid production in tall fescue and the worldwide distribution of tall fescue toxicosis. The purpose of this review is to present ergot alkaloids produced in endophyte-infected grass, the factors of variation of their level in plants, and the diseases observed in the mammalian species as relate to the profiles of alkaloid production. In the final section, interactions between ergot alkaloids and drug-metabolizing enzymes are presented as mechanisms that could contribute to toxicity.     

New Approach for Using of Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L. Essential Oils as Wood-Biofungicides: GC-MS,SEM, and MNDO Quantum Chemical Studies

Background: Fungi growing on wood cause deterioration of stored food materials or discoloration of the wood itself, and the search for new and safe bioagents is recently needed. Methods: Essential oils (EOs) from aerial parts from Mentha longifolia L. and Citrus reticulata L., analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), were tested for their antifungal activity by the vapor method against four common fungi, Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, and Fusarium culmorum, and confirmed by SEM examination as the oils applied on wood samples. Results: The most abundant compounds identified in the EO from M. longifolia were menthone and eucalyptol; in C. reticulata EO, they were β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, and β-elemene. EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent antifungal activity against A. flavus and A. fumigatus, with 100% fungal mycelial inhibition growth (FMIG). C. reticulata and M. longifolia EOs, at 125 µL/mL, observed FMIG values of 98% and 95%, respectively, against A. fumigatus. M. longifolia EO, at 500 and 250 µL/mL, showed potent activity against A. niger, with 100% FMIG. F. culmorum completely inhibited (100% FMIG) EOs from M. longifolia and C. reticulata applied at 500 µL/mL. Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Wood, treated with M. longifolia at 125 µL/mL, showed inhibition zone values of 7.33 and 21.33 mm against A. flavus and A. niger, respectively. Conclusions: Both oils possessed good wood-biofungicide activity with the vapor method, as clearly shown by the SEM examination. These activities suggest their possible use as natural wood preservatives.     

Drug-Resistant Candida glabrata Infection in Cancer Patients

Cancer patients are at risk for candidemia, and increasing Candida spp. resistance poses an emerging threat. We determined rates of antifungal drug resistance, identified factors associated with resistance, and investigated the correlation between resistance and all-cause mortality rates among cancer patients with ≥1 C. glabrata–positive blood culture at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA, during March 2005–September 2013. Of 146 isolates, 30 (20.5%) were resistant to fluconazole, 15 (10.3%) to caspofungin, and 10 (6.8%) to multiple drugs (9 caspofungin-resistant isolates were also resistant to fluconazole, 1 to amphotericin B). Independently associated with fluconazole resistance were azole preexposure, hematologic malignancy, and mechanical ventilation. Independently associated with caspofungin resistance were echinocandin preexposure, monocytopenia, and total parenteral nutrition. Fluconazole resistance was highly associated with caspofungin resistance, independent of prior azole or echinocandin use. Caspofungin resistance was associated with increased 28-day all-cause mortality rates. These findings highlight the need for good stewardship of antifungal drugs.     

Two new 12-membered macrolides from the endophytic fungal strain Cladosprium colocasiae A801 of Callistemon viminalis

Two new polyketide metabolites, the 12-membered macrolides 4-hydroxy-12-methyloxacyclododecane-2,5,6-trione (1) and 12-methyloxacyclododecane-2,5,6-trione (2), were isolated from the endophytic fungal strain Cladosprium colocasiae A801 of the plant Callistemon viminalis, together with five known derivatives. Their structures were fully characterized by means of detailed spectroscopic analysis for new structures, and in comparison with published data for known compounds. The antibacterial, cytotoxic, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the new compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated.     

Biosynthetic Pathways of Ergot Alkaloids

Ergot alkaloids are nitrogen-containing natural products belonging to indole alkaloids. The best known producers are fungi of the phylum Ascomycota, e.g., Claviceps, Epichloë, Penicillium and Aspergillus species. According to their structures, ergot alkaloids can be divided into three groups: clavines, lysergic acid amides and peptides (ergopeptines). All of them share the first biosynthetic steps, which lead to the formation of the tetracyclic ergoline ring system (except the simplest, tricyclic compound: chanoclavine). Different modifications on the ergoline ring by specific enzymes result in an abundance of bioactive natural products, which are used as pharmaceutical drugs or precursors thereof. From the 1950s through to recent years, most of the biosynthetic pathways have been elucidated. Gene clusters from several ergot alkaloid producers have been identified by genome mining and the functions of many of those genes have been demonstrated by knock-out experiments or biochemical investigations of the overproduced enzymes.