Impact of the type of emulsifier on the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared fish oil-loaded microcapsules

Fish oil microcapsules were successfully prepared from fish oil-in-water emulsions using chitosan as shell material and anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium cholate (cholate), and sodium deoxycholate (DOC) as emulsifiers. The type of emulsifier influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared microcapsules to different extents. The microcapsules formed with DOC showed the least mean effective diameter (MED) of 500?nm. Emulsion formed with DOC exhibited the smallest MED of 100?nm. The emulsions showed negative zeta potential values which became positive after encapsulation with chitosan. The surfactants showed little influence on thermal stability. Microcapsule suspensions showed creaming over storage. Fish oil at higher loading in SDS microcapsules showed higher primary and secondary oxidation. All microcapsules showed sustained release but the values varied depending upon the surfactants. The emulsion and microcapsules formed with DOC showed better morphology and stability despite its lower loading and encapsulation efficiency.     

3种乳化体系乳膏中黄芩苷、苦参碱、甘草次酸和大黄素的体外经皮渗透的影响研究

研究烷基糖苷、司盘-吐温和A6/25 3种乳化体系对乳膏中黄芩苷、苦参碱、甘草次酸和大黄素的体外经皮渗透的影响。以改良的Franz扩散池和离体小鼠皮进行体外渗透实验,采用HPLC同时测定3种不同乳化体系乳膏中4种中药单体的累积透过量与皮肤滞留量,并考察不同中药成分在相同乳化体系乳膏及不同乳化体系乳膏对相同中药成分的累积透过量、皮肤滞留量及透皮吸收速率的影响。结果表明,不同中药成分在相同乳化体系的累积透过量及透皮吸收速率大小为苦参碱黄芩苷甘草次酸大黄素。不同乳化体系乳膏对相同中药成分的累积透过量及透皮吸收速率的影响除甘草次酸和大黄素无显著性差异外,司盘-吐温乳化体系的累积透过量及透皮吸收速率较大。各中药成分在3种乳化体系中累积透过量及透皮吸收速率规律具有一致性。而不同乳化体系对相同中药成分的累积透过量、皮肤滞留量及透皮吸收速率的影响并无一致性规律。     

Exploring two contrasting surface‐active exopolysaccharides from a single strain of Ochrobactrum utilizing different hydrocarbon substrates

During production and characterization of exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Ochrobactrum pseudintermedium C1, it was observed that an experimental change in the basic hydrocarbon type of substrate for bacterial utilization led to elicitation of different surface‐active properties in the EPS produced. In the sugar substrate, it elicited surfactant property, while in oil substrates it elicited emulsifying property, which indicated that the EPS might be different. Consequently, attention was focused on a detailed analysis of this substrate‐specific EPS. Utilizing waste sugar, edible, and mineral oil substrates, EPS produced in each situation was characterized. Besides estimating surface activity and thermostability, each substrate‐specific EPS was analyzed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy, ¹H‐nuclear magnetic resonance, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization—time of flight mass spectroscopy to find any structural difference. The results were significantly contrasting although the similarity in molecular mass suggested a basic similarity in polysaccharide structure. Morphological differences were also evident both macroscopically and microscopically with scanning electron microscopy. As the surface‐active property of EPS was dependent on the substrate utilized, their structural differences might account for it. These diverse surface activities of EPS produced by a single bacterial strain simply by changing the nature of substrate would also augment their bioapplications. Moreover, utilization of waste and easily available substrates should make such applications convenient, ecofriendly, and cost‐worthy.     

Allergic contact dermatitis from stearamidoethyl diethylamine phosphate: a cosmetic emulsifier

Contact dermatitis to the emulsifier stearamidoethyl diethylamine phosphate was demonstrated in 4 patients. In 3 patients, the emulsifier was present in a commonly used over-the-counter dry skin lotion and in the 4th in a deodorant. In 2 cases, the patients overtly suspected that the product was the cause of the dermatitis. Patch tests to the products were positive. The emulsifier was identified as the contact allergen after testing with coded deletion and/or individual ingredient samples provided by the manufacturer. No apparent cross reactions were found from testing with the standard screening tray of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group or in one case to 2 structurally similar emulsifiers. No other positive reactions to the emulsifier were found after testing it routinely in one patch test clinic for 1 year. Repeated insult (prophetic) patch testing with the final formulation of the dry skin lotion (as performed by the manufacturer) was negative for sensitization and irritation.     

参柏洗剂的制备工艺

目的:优选参柏洗剂的制备工艺,为该制剂的工业化生产提供参考。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取松叶、荆芥中挥发油,通过单因素试验优选提取工艺。以总生物碱质量浓度和固形物总量的综合评分为指标,通过正交试验考察加水量、提取时间、提取次数对参柏洗剂水提工艺的影响,并通过单因素试验筛选浓缩工艺及成型工艺。结果:最佳制备工艺条件为加14倍量水提取5 h,收集含挥发油蒸馏液,加0.1%聚山梨酯80增溶;药渣与其余4味药材加8倍量水煎煮3次,每次1 h,常压或减压浓缩,加入0.3%苯甲酸钠防腐,冷藏48 h除杂。总生物碱质量浓度不低于195 mg·L-1,保留率不低于85%。结论:该工艺稳定可行,可为参柏洗剂的规范化生产提供实验依据。     

高表面电荷密度单分散苯乙烯磺酸钠纳米微球的制备

利用无皂乳液聚合 ,在苯乙烯 (St)的反应体系中引入适量的苯乙烯磺酸钠 (NaSS)参加共聚合 ,在聚合过程中分两阶段加料 ,第一阶段中NaSS浓度是决定乳胶粒粒径及单分散性的关键因素。当反应达到较高转化率 ( >90 % )时加入第二阶段单体混合物 ,此阶段中NaSS与St的比例决定了最终胶粒的表面电荷密度。利用上述两阶段无皂乳液聚合法成功地制备了粒径小于 10 0nm、单分散性指数小于 1.0 5以及表面电荷密度大于 3 0 μC·cm-2 的一系列乳胶粒     

Allergic contact dermatitis due to nonylphenol ethoxylate (nonoxynol-6)

The non-ionic emulsifier "nonoxynol-6" found in an industrial waterless hand cleanser induced allergic contact dermatitis on the upper extremities of a uranium mill maintenance worker. The chemical is an irritant for the rabbit. It was not shown to be a cutaneous sensitizer for the albino guinea pit using the guinea pig maximization test.     

肝海绵状血管瘤的介入治疗

目的评价使用平阳霉素利多卡因碘化油乳化剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤的临床疗效。方法29例CHL患者,其中男性13例,女性16例,年龄23～61岁;血管瘤位于肝右叶19例,左叶4例,左右叶同时受累6例;病变单发者21例,多发者8例;采用DSA设备,以Seldinger技术经股动脉穿刺插管,行选择性肝动脉、肠系膜上动脉造影,通过导管超选择插管至CHL的供血动脉,使用平阳霉素利多卡因碘化油乳剂经肝动脉进行栓塞治疗。结果所有病例均成功实施了栓塞治疗,治疗后3个月～1年复查患者症状缓解,瘤体缩小或消失,无严重并发症。结论使用平阳霉素利多卡因碘化油乳剂经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝海绵状血管瘤疗效肯定,安全性好。