不同eGFR方程在糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病危险分层中的价值

目的 探讨不同肾小球滤过率(GFR)估算值(eGFR)计算方程在糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病危险分层中的价值。方法 收集601例糖尿病患者的病例资料,检测血中胱抑素C（Cys-C）、尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）、尿酸（UA）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、尿中白蛋白、肌酐,计算尿白蛋白肌酐比值（ACR）,利用简化的MDRD公式、eGFR-EPIcrea、eGFR-EPIcys、eGFR-EPIcrea-cys估算GFR。按尿ACR分为正常蛋白尿组、微量蛋白尿组、大量蛋白尿组,比较各组代谢指标差异,按照ACR和4种eGFR计算公式计算结果对患者进行危险度分层,分析采用各方程对危险度分层的人数分布,比较各计算公式间不同危险度患者的eGFR水平。结果 收缩压、Cys-C、eGFR-MDRD、eGFR-EPIcrea、eGFR-EPIcys、eGFR-EPIcrea-cys在3组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。用不同方程评价危险度后的人数分布存在差异,eGFR-MDRD(P<0.05)、eGFR-EPIcrea(P=0.000)分别与eGFR-EPIcys比较,在不同危险分层中的人数分布存在差异;而eGFR-MDRD、eGFR-EPIcrea、eGFR-EPIcrea-cys在不同危险分层中的人数分布无差异。在低度危险患者中,各方程估计的GFR差异较大,eGFR-MDRD较其他方程的eGFR高（P<0.05）;在中、高危患者中,eGFR-MDRD和eGFR-EPIcrea的eGFR相当,均高于eGFR-EPIcys和eGFR-EPIcrea-cys估计的GFR;在极高危患者中,4种公式估算的eGFR无差异。结论 不同方程估算的eGFR在糖尿病慢性肾脏疾病危险分层中存在差异,在低危患者中MDRD公式可能高估了GFR水平。     

Kidney resistive index relates to variations of home blood pressure in chronic kidney diseases

Background: Kidney resistive index (RI) correlates with tubulointerstitial changes and predicts renal prognosis. Most patients with chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) manifest high blood pressure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In addition, various atherosclerotic indexes relate to variations in blood pressure.Methods: Subjects were 70 CKD patients, who visited our office and agreed to measure home blood pressure and receive renal ultrasonography. Cross-sectional analyses were performed.Results: Patient age was averaged 61 ± 15 (SD) y/o and 60% were male. Mean serum creatinine and proteinuria were 1.2 ± 0.5 mg/dl and 0.2 ± 0.5 g/gCr, respectively. Office blood pressure and kidney RI were 128 ± 17/75 ± 11 mmHg and 0.66 ± 0.08, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that age and office blood pressure independently correlated to kidney RI (p < 0.05 for each). Home blood pressure was averaged 122 ± 7/70 ± 6 mmHg. Both standard deviation and the maximal–minimal difference in home systolic blood pressure related to kidney RI (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The present results indicate that office blood pressure correlates to kidney RI, which predicts renal prognosis. In addition, our data implicate that kidney RI relates to variations in home systolic blood pressure, and suggest that kidney RI may be a good index for atherosclerosis in CKD patients.     

慢性肾脏病患者血清脂联素水平的变化及影响因素分析

目的观察慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者血清脂联素（ADP）水平的变化,并探讨其与性别、年龄、BMI、肾功能、血白蛋白、高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）等因素之间的关系。方法回顾性选取100例CKD患者（CKD组）的临床资料,采用慢性肾脏病流行病学合作公式（CKD-EPI）计算估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）,并以此分为CKD1~5期5个亚组,选取同期健康体检者20例作为正常对照组,分析血清ADP水平与临床指标的相关性。结果CKD组患者女性ADP水平高于男性[(10.46±4.05)滋g/mlvs（8.67±3.06）滋g/ml,P＜0.05],CKD1~2期组患者(GFR＞60ml·min-1·1.73m-2)ADP水平与正常对照组比较并无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,进入CKD3期后,随着肾小球滤过率的进行性下降,患者血清ADP水平急剧升高。CKD患者BMI偏低、eGFR下降、年龄偏小、hs-CRP升高均是ADP水平升高的独立影响因素（均P＜0.05）。结论CKD3~5期患者血清ADP水平明显高于正常人群,从CKD3期开始,CKD患者的血清ADP水平出现明显升高。微炎症状态、BMI、年龄与CKD患者血清ADP水平升高有关。     

Roll-in Experience from the Cardiovascular Outcomes with Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) Study

PurposeTo describe the experience and results from the roll-in phase of the Cardiovascular Outcomes with Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) study.Materials and MethodsThe CORAL roll-in database was used to describe the baseline characteristics of the patients in the roll-in cohort, all of whom underwent renal artery stent placement; to evaluate CORAL site performance; to compare estimates of lesion (stenosis) severity made by site interventionalists with the central CORAL angiographic core laboratory readings; and to report outcomes after renal artery stent placement. During the roll-in phase, 239 patients (mean age, 70.2 y ± 9.0; 49% male) underwent renal artery stent procedures. Angiographic core laboratory analysis of renal arteriograms was done, and participants were followed at 1 month and 9 months.ResultsMajor angiographic complications were identified in 28 (13%) subjects. Kidney function remained unchanged at the short (2–4 weeks) follow-up interval. Improvement in systolic blood pressure with use of distal embolic protection devices (n = 161) did not show any clinical benefit over nonuse of such devices (n = 78) in this small series. At 9 months, there were significantly more endpoints reported by site in subjects with bilateral renal artery stenosis (P = .01) and prior history of stroke (P = .03).ConclusionsIn the roll-in phase of the CORAL study, a significant number of angiographic complications were identified. No effect was seen on estimated glomerular filtration rate after renal artery stent placement, but systolic blood pressure decreased significantly.     

Incidence and predictive factors of symptomatic thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheters in chemotherapy patients

Introduction

The incidence of symptomatic catheter-related deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in cancer patients remains unclear and there is a lack of reliable data on the risk factors of PICC-related DVT.

Materials and Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of consecutive cancer patients who received an ultrasound guided PICC line for the administration of chemotherapy. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for symptomatic PICC-related DVT.

Results

In total, 340 cancer patients obtained PICC lines for the administration of chemotherapy. Of these patients, 19 (5.6%; 95% CI: 3.6-8.6) developed symptomatic PICC-related DVT. Factors previously associated with catheter-related DVT, including side of catheter placement, lumen size, tip location, need for repositioning, and number of insertion attempts, were not significant determinants in our analysis. Patients with diabetes were three times more likely to develop PICC-related DVT (OR 3.0, p = 0.039), while the presence of COPD and metastatic cancer also increased the odds (OR 3.3, p = 0.078 and OR 2.3, p = 0.083 respectively). Diabetes remained a significant risk factor after adjustment for effect of metastases and COPD (OR 3.175, p = 0.039). Further, the presence of metastases was a significant predictor (OR 3.34, p = 0.024) in our multivariable model.

Conclusions

Symptomatic PICC-related DVT are frequent in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Previously described factors associated with catheter-related thrombosis were not predictive of PICC-related DVT in our study. Diabetes, advanced disease and COPD appear to increase the risk of developing PICC-related DVT in chemotherapy patients.     

Obstructive nephropathy and chronic kidney disease secondary to uterine leiomyomas

We present three cases of chronic kidney disease secondary to large fibroid uterus. The difficulties experienced in their clinical management and a review of literature is outlined.     

Hypoglycaemia in the over 75s: Understanding the predisposing factors in type 2 diabetes (T2DM)

Introduction

Hypoglycaemia has been recognised as a problem in the treatment for type 2 diabetes. Here we describe how levels of HbA1C and treatment with a sulphonylurea or insulin relate to risk of significant hypoglycaemia.

Predictors of periodontal disease among rural Indian type 2 diabetic population

BackgroundPeriodontal Disease (PD) is associated with complications of diabetes. Control of the PD reduces glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of PD with duration, severity of diabetes and eGFR.Material and methodA Prospective observational study conducted at Sidhi Vinayaka Hospitals (SVH) Sangareddy during the period of January 2014 to December 2019. Total 1436 patients with a definite diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), between the ages of 45–60 years were included. They were classified according to CPITN score for PD and compared against the variables.ResultsA total of 1436 consecutive outpatients attending to SVH were included. Among them 662 (46.1%) were males and 774(53.9%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 48.3(SD ± 10.62) and mean duration of diabetes was 2.9(SD ± 4.18). The mean fasting blood glucose was 198.5(SD ± 85), mean post prandial blood glucose was 277.2 (SD ± 107.7) and mean HBA1c was 9.98% (SD ± 2.6). Among the study group 1198 (83.4%) had none/mild (Grade I) PD, 192(13.4%) had moderate/severe (Grade II) PD and 46(3.2%) were completely edentulous (Grade III).ConclusionThere is a linear correlation between PD and age of patient, duration of diabetes, eGFR and level of glycemic status among rural population with T2DM.     

Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio is a useful predictor of renal dysfunction among diabetic persons

BackgroundSerum uric acid (SUA) has been shown to be a predictor of renal disease progression in most but not all studies. This study aims to test whether renal function-normalized SUA {i.e, SUA/creatinine (Cr) ratio} is a predictor of decreased renal function among diabetic patients.MethodsThe subjects comprised 185 men aged 72 ± 11 (mean ± standard deviation) years and 175 women aged 77 ± 10 years from a rural hospital. We examined the relationship between SUA/creatinine (Cr) ratio and renal function evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group equation.ResultsAnnual eGFR decline rate was significantly increased with increased tertile of baseline SUA/Cr ratio (p = 0.011), and prevalence of the rapid progression types (≥3.0 ml/min/1.73 m²/year) was significantly higher in the second and third tertile (≥7,21) of baseline SUA/Cr ratio than the first tertile (<5.86) (p = 0.032). Pearson‘s correlation coefficient showed that baseline SUA/Cr ratio (r = 0.136, p = 0.012) as well as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and SUA were significantly correlated with annual eGFR decline rate. Multiple regression analysis using annual eGFR decline rate as an objective variable, adjusted for confounding factors as explanatory variables, showed that baseline SUA/Cr ratio (β = 0.334, p < 0.001) as well as gender and SBP were significantly and independently associated with annual eGFR decline rate. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval) of the baseline tertile of the SUA/Cr ratio for rapid progression of annual eGFR decline rate were 1.0, 3.15 (1.66–5.95) and 3.19 (1.57–6.51), respectively.ConclusionOur data demonstrated that baseline SUA/Cr ratio was independently and significantly associated with future renal function decline among diabetic patients.