Physical aggression towards others in adults with learning disabilities: prevalence and associated factors

Background Many people with learning disabilities (LD) show aggressive behaviour, but the extent of the problem and its associated factors and effects are unclear. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was carried out using interview data from 3065 adults with LD on the Leicestershire LD Register. Physical aggression towards others was defined as carers reporting frequent (more than three times per week) and/or severe episodes. Individuals with and without aggression were compared using multiple logistic regression models for potential physical and psychological factors. Results Carers reported that 443 (14%) of adults were physically aggressive towards others. Men (P = 0.001), younger individuals (P < 0.001), people with more severe LD (P < 0.001) and those in institutional settings (P < 0.001) had a significantly higher prevalence of physical aggression. People with Down syndrome had a lower prevalence of physical aggression (P < 0.001). After adjustment, we found no relationship between aggression and the presence of epilepsy or autism. Among psychological factors, symptoms of frustration (P < 0.001) and mood swings (P < 0.001) were associated with higher levels of aggression. Failure to cope among carers was reported by 14% overall: 42% of people caring for adults with aggression said they were unable to cope compared with 10% of those caring for adults without aggression. Conclusions Physical aggression towards other people presents a significant challenge to carers of adults with LD. Further research is needed to identify aetiological factors with a view to finding effective interventions to reduce, and improve management of, this behaviour.     

广西武鸣华侨农场心血管病危险因素的调查研究

对广西武鸣华侨农场4158人进行基线普查,410人进行膳食调查和作8小时夜尿电解质测定,并将高血压低发区广西的资料与高发区的北京作对比.结果显示,体重指数高是高血压一个重要的危险因素,而体重过重又与膳食中摄入碳水化合物和总热量大有关.另一主要的危险因素是钠,膳食中摄入钠高,尿Na和Na/K比值高者,血压水平和高血压的患病率亦高.     

门诊抗菌药物使用调查

目的了解医院门诊抗菌药物应用情况，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法抽查2006年1月至11月份门诊处方18163张，统计抗菌药物使用情况，并评价其合理性。结果含抗菌药物处方5809张，占总处方数31．98％。头孢菌素类药物使用率最高，其次为喹诺酮类。给药途径主要为口服给药。结论抗菌药物应用基本合理，但使用中存在一些问题，应引起重视。     

阳城县居民吸烟状况调查分析

对阳城县3646名15岁以上人群吸烟状况分析表明,男性吸烟率63.71％,女性吸烟率0.64％,男女合计吸烟率31.49％,并对不同年龄、职业、文化程度与吸烟率的关系进行了分析。吸烟心理动机:“烟草成瘾”占32.06％,“消遣”占28.48％,“解除疲劳”占16.90％,“交际”占22.56％。吸烟人群的4周患病率和慢性病患病率均高于不吸烟人群,两组差别有显著性(P<0.05,P<0.001)。     

621名大学生艾滋病相关知识的调查分析

目的了解大学生对AIDS病的认识程度.方法通过问卷,对621名大学生的有关AIDS病相关知识、信息了解、现况掌握等情况进行摸底,并对调查结果进行统计分析.结果该校大学生在AIDS病的相关知识方面较为贫乏;对AIDS病的认识程度各专业学生之间有一定差异,本科和专科学生之间的差异并不明显.结论大学生的AIDS病知识薄弱,学校健康教育亟需加强.     

The practice of breast self-examination results in the earlier detection and better clinical course of Japanese women with breast cancer

Using a questionnaire survey, we analyzed the relationship between the frequency of breast self-examination (BSE) and the clinical stage and course of breast cancer in Japanese patients. BSE had been performed monthly by only 5.4% of the patients (M group), occasionally by 35.4% (O group), and not at all by 59.2% (N group). There was a positive relationship between more frequent BSE and an earlier clinical stage, the percentages of Tis/stage 0 and I for the M, O, and N groups being 83%, 44%, and 36%, respectively (P<0.05). The mean maximum tumor diameters for the three groups were 1.7cm, 2.5cm, and 3.0cm, respectively. The tumor size in the M and O groups was significantly smaller than that in the N group atP<0.01 andP<0.05, respectively. The percentages of patients in the M, O, and N groups who underwent breast-conserving therapy were 42%, 11%, and 19%, respectively, with patients who had performed monthly, BSE more frequently undergoing breast-conserving therapy (P<0.05). At a median follow-up time of 34 months, 0%, 3.8%, and 7.6% of the patients from the M, O, and N groups, respectively, had died of breast cancer, the overall survival curve of the M group being significantly better than that of the N group (P<0.01). This retrospective study suggests the positive correlation of BSE frequency with earlier detection, and a more favorable clinical course in Japanese breast cancer patients.     

4409名学生心理健康状况及家庭环境与吸烟行为分析

目的:探讨中学生心理行为特征和心理健康状况及家庭心理环境与中学生吸烟行为的关系.方法:以苏州市4409名初中、高中、职业中学的学生为对象,采用SCL-90、家庭环境量表和自编问题进行问卷调查.结果:反叛性、冒险性强,倾向早熟、毅力差、顺从敏感性高是吸烟的危险因素,而情感调节性和认同敏感性与吸烟无关;吸烟组与对照组SCL-90在总分、阳性项目数、躯体化、强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性方面的评分均高于对照组,且有统计学意义(P＜0.01);吸烟组在FES-CV中的亲密度、情感表达、知识性、道德宗教观、组织性平均分明显低于对照组(P＜0.01),而在FES-CV的矛盾性的平均分则明显高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论:中学生行为的反叛性、冒险性、早熟性、毅力性和不良心理健康水平是中学生吸烟的危险因素;同时不良家庭关系也是中学生吸烟的危险因素,一个亲密、融洽的家庭环境可能会减少中学生吸烟,而一个矛盾的家庭则可能会增加中学生吸烟.     

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes among Korean adults: The 2001 Korean national health and nutrition examination survey

This study aimed to identify risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Korea, a rapidly changing country. Data of 5,132 adults aged 20-85 were used from the 2001 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression was carried out to identify risk factors for T2D. Three models were specified: (i) socioeconomic and demographic factors (model 1: age, gender, education, poverty income ratio, employment), (ii) behavioral risk factors and covariates (model 2: obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking, dietary quality, family history of T2D, co-morbidity) and (iii) socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors (model 3). The prevalence of T2D was 7.4%. Less education (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.08-1.84), age (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.56-3.08 in 40-59 yrs, OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.76-5.95 in 60 yrs + comparing to 20-39 yrs) and abdominal obesity (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.79-2.82) were risk factors for T2D even after controlling for other factors simultaneously. There was a significant association of T2D with ever smoking (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.67). The relationship of age with T2D was modified by gender in model 1 and the relationship of smoking with T2D was modified by obesity in model 2. Less educated, older, obese or ever smokers were more likely to have T2D. Gender mediated the relationship of age, and obesity mediated the relationship of smoking, with T2D. Intervention programs for T2D in Korea should take the interactions among risk factors into account.     

Practice of orthokeratology by a group of contact lens practitioners in Hong Kong

Purpose: The aim of the study was to provide information about the characteristics of three main types of orthokeratology (ortho‐k) lenses used in Hong Kong and to report on their performance based on the clinical impressions of a group of ortho‐k practitioners. Method: Twelve ortho‐k practitioners were interviewed between 1 March and 30 June 2001. Results: Most ortho‐k lenses were ordered from three manufacturers: DreimLens, Fargo and Contex. The median maximum myopia reduction reported for DreimLens, Contex and Fargo lenses were 6.25 D, 6.00 D and 4.50 D respectively. The time to reduce myopia by up to 4.00 D could be up to three weeks for Contex and DreimLens and up to four weeks for Fargo. For reduction of myopia by up to 4.00 D, the treatment usually required only one or two lenses per eye for all three types of lenses. The incidence of lens binding and lens tightening after achieving the optimal reduction was reported to be higher with the DreimLens design. Good centration, less lens binding, relatively lower incidence of complications and lens tightening after achieving the optimal reduction were reported with the Fargo lenses. Conclusions: DreimLens tended to be more effective for myopia reduction. However, some practitioners were concerned with the aggressiveness of myopia reduction using this lens design and the higher potential for ocular complications. Selection of the lens design is dependent on various factors, in particular, practitioners need to be comfortable with the design they choose and to consider the needs of their patients and the final goal of the treatment.     

广东省输精管绝育技术应用状况调查

为分析影响输精管结扎术推广应用技术因素,了解基层手术点的手术质量,1994年～1995年对23个基层手术点作现场调查,发现影响男性结扎手术质量的一些因素,例如部分基层手术点操作不规范,未能按《节育手术常规》操作,手术管理制度不够严格。建议:①加强男性结扎术操作规范化的培训。②推广新型的手术消毒剂和先进的操作方法。③重视心理咨询和心理护理。④强调节育效果是手术质量的主要指际。⑤完善手术管理制度。