Antihyperalgesic effects of a novel muscarinic agonist (LASSBio‐873) in spinal nerve ligation in rats

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Valproic acid and its derivatives enhanced estrogenic activity but not androgenic activity in a structure dependent manner

Steroid hormones affect metabolic pathways and cellular functions. Valproic acid (VPA), used as antiepileptic drug, inhibits histone deacetylases and interacts with intracellular receptors. We analyzed the impact of VPA and VPA derivatives on activation of estrogen and androgen receptors (ER and AR) using reporter gene assays. VPA and its long-chain derivatives 2-(2-propynyl)-hexanoic acid [butyl-4-yn-VPA], 2-(2-propynyl)-heptanoic acid [S-pentyl-4-yn-VPA] and 2-(2-propynyl)-nonanoic acid [heptyl-4-yn-VPA] enhanced 17β-estradiol-induced ERα and ERβ activation partly synergistically with a structure–activity correlation. The extent of this effect regarding to ERα activation increased with prolongation of the aliphatic side chain. Regarding AR activation, VPA, S-pentyl-4-yn- and heptyl-4-yn-VPA slightly induced AR activity when tested alone. In combination with the AR agonist 5α-dihydrotestosterone, VPA, S-pentyl-4-yn- and heptyl-4-yn-VPA showed anti-androgenic effects without an apparent structural relation. Our results indicate that VPA and its derivatives affect estrogen signaling with a structural specificity, while the (anti-)androgenic effects of these compounds are not structurally correlated.     

Synthesis of a series of carbon‐14 labeled tetrahydropyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones

A series of tetrahydropyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones labeled with carbon‐14 in the 2‐position of pyrimidinone moiety were prepared as part of a 3‐step sequence from benz[amidino‐¹⁴C]amidine hydrochloride as a key synthetic intermediate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地钱素C衍生物F41对子宫颈癌HeLa细胞凋亡的影响

目的对地钱素C(MC)羟基衍生物进行筛选,寻找具有高抗肿瘤活性的MC衍生物,并初步探讨其抗肿瘤的细胞与分子生物学机制。方法用MTT法观察56种MC羟基衍生物对子宫颈癌HeLa细胞的毒性作用,筛选其中细胞毒作用最强的MC衍生物,并比较其与MC对HeLa细胞存活的抑制作用。用倒置显微镜、DAPI染色和DNA梯带检测其对细胞凋亡的影响。用流式细胞术检测其对细胞周期的影响。用Western印迹法检测其对细胞周期和凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响。结果在56种MC衍生物中,F41对HeLa细胞毒性最强,抑制HeLa细胞存活的IC50为(11.31±2.13)μmol·L-1,明显低于MC〔IC50为(17.19±3.28)μmol·L-1〕(P<0.01)。F41和MC与HeLa细胞作用24,48和72h,F41对HeLa细胞存活的抑制作用均明显强于MC(P<0.05)。形态学和DNA梯带检测显示,F41处理后,HeLa细胞皱缩变小,有空泡和凋亡小体出现,胞核浓缩变小,DNA电泳呈梯状条带。流式细胞分析显示,F41 15μmol·L-1处理HeLa细胞24h,G2/M期细胞占总细胞的比例为(43.8±3.0)%,明显高于对照组的(13.1±1.6)%(P<0.01);G1期细胞比例为(34.8±3.8)%,明显低于对照组的(63.6±5.5)%(P<0.01)。Western免疫印迹结果表明,F41可使HeLa细胞内磷酸化细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶1水平降低,细胞周期蛋白B1和P53蛋白表达增多。结论 F41可诱导HeLa细胞凋亡,抑制HeLa细胞分裂,其抗肿瘤活性可能强于MC。     

Novel N-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidines as potent inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

This is the second patent application from Novartis describing N-substituted-2-cyanopyrrolidines as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). DPP-IV is a serine protease which cleaves Xaa-Pro- or Xaa-Ala- amino terminal sequences from biologically active peptides, transforming them into inactive or even antagonistic species. Among them is glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a major stimulator of pancreatic insulin secretion with additional properties in lowering the blood glucose level, which is normally secreted in response to food ingestion. By inhibiting DPP-IV the endogenous GLP-1 is preserved for longer periods, the inhibitors being useful in the treatment of the non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), obesity, arthritis, osteoporosis and other diseases generated or enhanced by impaired glucose tolerance. The compounds claimed in this application are novel N-substituted 2-cyanopyrrolidines bearing adamantyl moieties as biocompatible lipophylic groups; their low nanomolar level of DPP-IV inhibition, as well as their in vivo therapeutic profile, are improved as compared with the results obtained in previous studies.     

Artemisinin derivatives: a patent review (2006 – present)

Introduction: The isolation of artemisinin from an ancient Chinese remedy in the early 1970s heralded the beginning of a new era in antimalarial drug therapy culminating in artemisinin-based combination therapies currently being the mainstay of malaria treatment worldwide. Ongoing research on this compound and its derivatives has revealed its potential use in treating other infectious and noninfectious diseases.

Areas covered: This review provides a summary of patents published globally from January 2006 to June 2012 covering promising artemisinin derivatives and artemisinin-based drug combinations developed for use in various therapeutic areas.

Expert opinion: The diversity of semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives has been limited to the same design strategy of modifying the artemisinin molecule at the same positions due to inherent synthetic challenges. To address this, future endeavors should include: the use of biotransformation strategies to modify other positions in the sesquiterpene ring while retaining the endoperoxide bridge; the design and synthesis of synthetic ozonides based on the pharmacophoric endoperoxide motif and drug repositioning approaches to artemisinin-based combination therapy. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of artemisinin derivatives and their biomolecular targets may provide an invaluable tool for the development of derivatives with a wider array of activity and greater clinical utility than currently appreciated.     

Caffeoyl phenols and alkamides of cultivated Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea atrorubens var. paradoxa

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench was recently introduced into Taiwan. In the present study, the biomass, the contents of caffeoyl phenols, and the content of dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide plus dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (alkamides 8 and 9 respectively,) of locally selected line CLS-P2 and two introduced cultivars Magnus and White Swan of E. purpurea and an introduced E. atrorubens var. paradoxa were compared. The results indicated that both biomass and phytoactive constituents varied considerably among the introduced cultivars and selected line. Line CLS-P2 grew better and produced more aerial and ground parts than introduced cultivars Magnus and White Swan. It also produced more caffeoyl phenols, particularly cichoric acid and caftaric acid in its leaves than Magnus and White Swan. All the E. purpurea cultivars and line produced same amounts of alkamides 8 and 9 in their flower heads and leaves. But White Swan produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in its roots than CLS-P2 and Magnus. Line CLS-P2 was less homogenous in genetic background as compared to the introduced cultivars. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa also grew well in Taiwan, but it produced less aerial and ground dry mass than E. purpurea. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa produced more echinacoside in its flower heads, leaves, and root parts, while E. purpurea plants had more cichoric acid and caftaric acid in their flower heads and leaves. E. atrorubens var. paradoxa also produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in flower heads and leaves, while E. purpurea produced more alkamides 8 and 9 in roots.     

Effect of emulsification on the skin permeation and UV protection of catechin

Abstract

An anti-aging effect may be obtained by skin application of tea catechins (Camellia sinensis) since they have high ultraviolet (UV)-protection activity. In this study, the skin permeation of catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECg) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) was determined and compared, and the effect of emulsification on the skin permeation of C was measured. The UV-protective effect of C was also determined. The in vitro skin permeability of each catechin derivative was determined using side-by-side diffusion of cells. The UV-protective effect of C was determined by applying different concentrations of C to the solution or emulsion on a three-dimensional cultured human skin model or normal human epidermal keratinocytes with UV-irradiation. ECg and EGCg with gallate groups showed lower skin permeability than C, EC and EGC without gallate groups, suggesting that the skin permeability of catechin derivatives may be dependent on the existence of a gallate group. Interestingly, the skin permeation of C was increased by an o/w emulsification. In addition, the C emulsion showed a significantly higher UV-protective effect by C than that with its aqueous solution. These results suggest that the o/w emulsion of catechin derivatives is probably useful as a cosmetic formulation with anti-aging efficacy.     

2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-5-(3-Hydroxypropenyl)-7-Methoxybenzofuran,a Novel Ailanthoidol Derivative,Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect through Downregulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Lipopolysaccharide-Treated RAW 264.7 Cells

We reported that ailanthoidol, a neolignan from Zanthoxylum ailanthoides and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, inhibited inflammatory reactions by macrophages and protected mice from endotoxin shock. We examined the anti-inflammatory activity of six synthetic ailanthoidol derivatives (compounds 1-6). Among them, compound 4, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(3-hydroxypropenyl)-7-methoxybenzofuran, had the lowest IC₅₀ value concerning nitric oxide (NO) release from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Compound 4 suppressed the generation of prostaglandin (PG) E₂ and the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 induced by LPS, and inhibited the release of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines from RAW264.7 cells. The underlying mechanism of compound 4 on anti-inflammatory action was correlated with the down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and activator protein-1 activation. Compound 4 is potentially an effective functional chemical candidate for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.     

氨基吡唑衍生物的合成

目的 优化氨基吡唑类衍生物的合成工艺.方法 以丙二氰为起始原料,首先在碱性条件下聚合为二聚物,然后与85％的水合肼关环得3-氨基-4-氰基-5-氰甲基-2-吡唑,最终在不同的酸碱条件下水解,得到不同的氨基吡唑甲酸类衍生物.结果 考察了3步反应工艺对产品收率的影响,结果表明,较佳的反应条件为：聚合反应中,室温条件下,以氢氧化钠为碱试剂、乙醇为溶剂,二聚物的收率为86.1％;关吡唑环反应中,n（二聚物）：n（肼）=1∶3.5,产物收率为86.2％;碱性条件下水解反应,95 ～ 100℃条件下,10 mol/L氢氧化钠溶液中反应10 h,5-氨基-1-吡唑-3-乙酸收率为79.8％;酸性条件下水解反应,85℃条件下,浓硫酸∶乙酸（体积比）=1∶1,反应24 h,3-氨基-4-氰基吡唑-5-甲酸收率为69.7％.结论 本工艺路线环境友好,原料易得,便于操作.同时,所得产物经1HNMR及MS确证.