心脏手术术后气管插管带管时间对声音嘶哑的影响

目的 分析在气管插管全身麻醉下接受心脏手术的患者术后发生声音嘶哑的情况及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2014年12月间在北京协和医院接受心脏手术患者的围术期资料,按照是否出现术后声音嘶哑分为声嘶组与对照组,分别统计两组患者的一般情况、手术麻醉信息、术后带管时间并作统计学分析;根据患者的带管时间分组,分别统计其声音嘶哑发病率并进行相关性分析.结果 在218例纳入研究的患者中,共有12例出现声音嘶哑,其平均术后带管时间显著长于对照组(P＜0.01);且声音嘶哑的发生率随术后带管时间延长而增加(P＜0.05).结论 在行心脏手术的患者中,发生声音嘶哑患者的术后带管时间较长,且声音嘶哑发生率随带管时间延长而升高.     

Flight Versus Ground Out-of-hospital Rapid Sequence Intubation Success: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a critical procedure performed by both air medical and ground based emergency medical services (EMS). Previous work has suggested that ETI success rates are greater for air medical providers. However, air medical providers may have greater airway experience, enhanced airway education, and access to alternative ETI options such as rapid sequence intubation (RSI). We sought to analyze the impact of the type of EMS on RSI success. Methods: A systematic literature search of Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted and eligibility, data extraction, and assessment of risk of bias were assessed independently by two reviewers. A bias-adjusted meta-analysis using a quality-effects model was conducted for the primary outcomes of overall intubation success and first-pass intubation success. Results: Forty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. There was no difference in the overall success between flight and ground based EMS; 97% (95% CI 96–98) vs. 98% (95% CI 91–100), and no difference in first-pass success for flight compared to ground based RSI; 82% (95% CI 73–89) vs. 82% (95% CI 70–93). Compared to flight non-physicians, flight physicians have higher overall success 99% (95% CI 98–100) vs. 96% (95% CI 94–97) and first-pass success 89% (95% CI 77–98) vs. 71% (95% CI 57–84). Ground-based physicians and non-physicians have a similar overall success 98% (95% CI 88–100) vs. 98% (95% CI 95–100), but no analysis for physician ground first pass was possible. Conclusions: Both overall and first-pass success of RSI did not differ between flight and road based EMS. Flight physicians have a higher overall and first-pass success compared to flight non-physicians and all ground based EMS, but no such differences are seen for ground EMS. Our results suggest that ground EMS can use RSI with similar outcomes compared to their flight counterparts.     

光棒引导气管插管在鼾症患儿麻醉中的应用价值

目的:探讨光棒引导气管插管在睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患儿的临床应用,比较其与普通喉镜的插管效果和安全性。方法:选择2~9岁择期行扁桃体切除术和(或)腺样体吸割术的OSAS患儿40例,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为光棒组(L组,n=20)和喉镜组(C组,n=20)。分别比较患儿入室后(T_1),诱导后(T_2),插管后1min(T_3)、3min(T_4)、5min(T_5)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2)变化,记录插管时间、一次插管成功率、口腔黏膜和牙齿损伤并发症的发生情况。结果:L组插管时间明显低于C组(P0.05)。L组的一次插管成功率明显高于C组(100%vs 90%)(P0.05)。插管后1min L组HR显著低于C组(P0.05)。C组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。C组插管后1min、3min、5min的HR较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。L组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后有增高趋势,但无统计学差异,其HR在插管后1min、3min较诱导后显著增高(P0.05)。口腔黏膜损伤仅C组出现1例。结论:与普通喉镜相比,光棒插管具有成功率高、插管时间短、口腔黏膜损伤小、对血流动力学影响较轻的优点,可以安全用于鼾症患儿气管插管。     

气管插管救治急性重度有机磷中毒52例临床分析

目的探讨气管插管在抢救急性重度有机磷中毒(ASOPP)患者的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2012年6月—2014年6月该院收治的52例行紧急气管插管后洗胃的急性重度有机磷中毒患者的临床资料,并与2010年5月—2012年5月收治的34例未实施气管插管的急性重度有机磷中毒患者临床资料进行对比观察。结果观察组52例患者中治愈47例,死亡2例,为多器官功能衰竭,自动放弃治疗3例,救治成功率为90.38%,明显高于对照组的58.82%;观察组入住重症监护室时间为(10.5±2.5)d,明显短于对照组的(15.7±3.9)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论气管插管是救治急性重度有机磷中毒患者的有效措施,对于提高该类患者救治的成功率具有重要意义。     

吸入式气管滴注法的建立

目的:建立一种廉价、高效的呼吸道给药或染毒方法。方法:24只雄性BALB/c小鼠随机平均分为两组,分别进行鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注。24只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为两组,分别给予非暴露式气管滴注和吸入式气管滴注。小鼠每只滴注50μL生理盐水,大鼠每只滴注100μL生理盐水;每组中取1只动物按相应方法滴注用生理盐水配制的含体积分数50%的蓝墨水,解剖观察肺部形态,评价滴注效果;记录操作时间(从麻醉结束至滴注完成)和成功率。结果:小鼠鼻腔滴注的操作时间为(92.6±5.4)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(25.2±4.0)s;大鼠非暴露式气管滴注操作时间为(102.6±6.5)s,吸入式气管滴注操作时间为(39.9±3.3)s;吸入式气管滴注操作时间均明显较短(t=35.042、29.849,P<0.001)。吸入式气管滴注组小鼠和非暴露式气管滴注组大鼠的肺组织散在分布蓝色印迹,而鼻腔滴注组小鼠的肺部着色不明显;鼻腔滴注和吸入式气管滴注的成功率为100%,而非暴露式气管滴注的成功率为83.7%。结论:吸入式气管滴注兼具廉价、快捷、无创、高效的优点,可广泛应用于呼吸道给药或染毒实验以及疾病模型的建立。     

Diagnostic utilities of tracheal ultrasound and USB-endoscope for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A cadaver study

Objectives

Confirmation of the endotracheal tube placement (CoETP) has the utmost importance in the management of an airway. Visualization of tracheal rings or carina with a fiber-optical bronchoscope (FOB) has considered to be a reliable method for the CoETP. However, FOB is expensive, time-consuming, and not always practical. Inexpensive endoscopic USB-cameras were shown to aid intubation successfully and reliably. On the other hand, there have been no studies investigating their use for the CoETP. Tracheal ultrasonography (TUS) is also a new, inexpensive and widely available alternative. A cadaver study has planned to evaluate the diagnostic utility of TUS and a USB-camera.

Traumatic Lingual Hematoma Resulting in Bilateral Temporal Mandibular Joint Dislocations

Background

Lingual hematoma (LH) is a relatively uncommon entity seen after both medical and traumatic etiologies. Regardless of the cause, the feared complication is acute airway obstruction.

Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates

A pool of 146 mobile intensive care unit paramedics was divided into four equal groups and trained in the technique of direct laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation of cardiac arrest or deeply comatose patients. Group 1 was selected from supervisors and crew chiefs and trained as preceptors. The remaining paramedics were assigned to three other study groups. Groups 1 and 2 were trained with a didactic presentation followed by manikin practice, an animal laboratory exercise, and operating room experience. Group 3 had no OR experience; Group 4 had only didactic/manikin training. Intubations were observed by preceptors on scene. During the study period of 27 months, 689 of 763 patients (90.3%) were successfully intubated by 122 paramedics. While results suggest variation in skill levels according to training group (Group 1, 92.4%; Group 2, 87.6%, Group 3, 83.3%; Group 4, 76.9%), statistical analysis allowing for the variables of seniority and number of intubations performed by personnel failed to reveal differences in groups attributable to training programs. Complication rates were relatively low for all groups, the most common being prolonged intubation attempts. A significant improvement in the skill was seen as the study progressed when groups are pooled and compared. The findings suggest that endotracheal intubation of deeply comatose or cardiac arrest patients is a field procedure that can be performed safely and skillfully by well-monitored paramedical personnel. Operating room or animal laboratory experience may increase initial success levels, but these factors do not appear to greatly influence eventual performance or incidence of complications of the procedure.