HOME AND LABORATORY DREAMS COLLECTED UNDER UNIFORM SAMPLING CONDITIONS

Twelve young-adult males spent two nonconsecutive nights at the laboratory (L) and two at home (H), six in the order LHHL and six in the order HLLH. Dreams were collected under uniform sampling conditions in both settings: S was awakened by an alarm clock at 6:30 a.m. and reported any dreams he could remember into a tape recorder. Twenty dream reports were collected in the laboratory, and 18 at home. Dream reports were rated by two judges on the six dimensions isolated by Hauri et al.'s factor analysis of dream ratings. Results showed no significant differences between home and laboratory in percentage of recall, median dream word counts, and dream ratings for Vivid Fantasy, Unpleasantness, Active Participation, and Sex. Home dreams were judged to contain more Verbal Aggression (p < .02) and Physical Aggression (p < .08). It was concluded that, although impulse-related content may be more likely to occur in home dreams than in laboratory dreams, the basic dream processes of imagination, distortion, dramatization, etc., are the same in both settings.     

睡眠剥夺对HSP70表达及脑超微结构的影响

目的：观察睡眠剥夺（SD）后大鼠脑组织HSP70表达的变化及对超微结构的影响。方法：44只雄性SD大鼠随机分为11组，每组4只，免疫组织化学方法检测HSP70的表达，电镜观察海马超微结构的变化。结果：睡眠剥夺后12小时即可在大脑皮质及海马观察到HSP70阳性细胞，2—3天数量达到高峰，7天时明显下降。白天睡眠剥夺12小时（SDd12h）组HSP70阳性细胞数较夜晚睡眠剥夺12小时（SDn12h）组多（P〈0．05）。RS组大脑皮质HSP70阳性细胞数较白天睡眠剥夺1天（SDd1d）组减少（P〈0．05）。白天睡眠剥夺3天（SDd3d）海马出现超微结构改变，白天睡眠剥夺7天（SDd7d）后改变更加明显。结论：睡眠剥夺可影响大鼠脑组织HSP70表达及超微结构。     

Sleep on the Night Shift: 24-Hour EEG Monitoring of Spontaneous Sleep/Wake Behavior

The present study sought to objectively describe the spontaneous sleep/wakefulness pattern of shift workers during a 24-hour period. Portable Medilog tape-recorders were used for ambulatory EEG monitoring of 25 male papermill workers (25-55 years) during days with night and afternoon work. The results showed that sleep after night work was two hours shorter than after afternoon work. The sleep reduction affected mainly Stage 2 and REM sleep while slow wave sleep was unchanged. In connection with night work 28% of the workers took a nap in the afternoon. These naps contained a large proportion of slow wave sleep and were, apparently, caused by the sleep deficit after the short main sleep period. The EEG recordings also revealed that 20% of the participants had sleep episodes during night work. These naps were as long as the afternoon naps, were experienced as "dozing offs" rather than naps, occurred at the time of the trough of the circadian wakefulness rhythm, and were concomitant with extreme subjective sleepiness and low rated work load. It was concluded that not only the sleep of shift workers was disturbed, but also the wakefulness--to the extent that sleepiness during night work sometimes reached a level where reasonable wakefulness could not be maintained. The latter observation is probably of special importance in work situations demanding a great responsibility for human lives or for great economic values.     

EEG delta power during sleep in young and old rats

Delta EEG power density, which has been viewed as a measure of intensity of NREM sleep, declines across the lifetime in humans, cats, and hamsters, but data in rats have been unclear. It is also uncertain whether older rats differ from younger animals in the degree of change in delta power during recovery sleep following short-term sleep deprivation. We have examined delta power density in NREM sleep under baseline conditions and following 48 h of sleep deprivation in young (3 months), middle-aged (12 months), and older (24 months) rats. The presence or absence of age effects was highly dependent on the method of normalizing the data. When expressed as a fraction of total NREM EEG power, there was no age effect on baseline delta power density, or on the change from baseline to recovery conditions. When expressed as a multiple of delta power in REM under the same condition, the younger rats had higher delta power density than the middle-aged and older rats. For all the ages combined, there was an increase in delta power density in the recovery condition. When examined by age, the younger rats (which started from a higher level of delta power density than the other groups) did not have an increase in delta during recovery; the middle-aged rats tended to, and the older rats (which started from lower baseline levels) significantly increased delta power density in the recovery condition. This suggests that the lower delta power seen during baseline in older rats is not due to decreased ability to generate delta activity.     

Acute effects of light and darkness on sleep in the pigeon (Columba livia)

In addition to entraining circadian rhythms, light has acute effects on sleep and wakefulness in mammals. To determine whether light and darkness have similar effects in birds, the only non-mammalian group that displays sleep patterns comparable to mammals, we examined the effects of lighting changes on sleep and wakefulness in the pigeon. We quantified sleep behavior (i.e., bilateral or unilateral eye closure) in pigeons maintained under a 12:12 LD cycle, and immediately following a change from a 12:12 to a 3:3 LD cycle. During both LD cycles, sleep was most prevalent during dark periods. During the 3:3 LD cycle, darkness had the greatest sleep promoting effect during the hours corresponding to the subjective night of the preceding 12:12 LD cycle, whereas light suppressed sleep across circadian phases. As previously suggested, the light-induced decrease in sleep in the subjective night might be partly mediated by the suppression of melatonin by light. Although the sleep promoting effect of darkness was modulated by the circadian rhythm, sleep in darkness occurred during all circadian phases, suggesting that darkness per se may play a direct role in inducing sleep. In addition to the effects of lighting on behavioral state, we observed an overall bias toward more right eye closure under all lighting conditions, possibly reflecting a response to the novel testing environment.     

福州地区综合性大学本科生睡眠状况调查及其干预的研究

目的了解福州地区综合性大学本科生睡眠状况,为心理健康教育提供依据。方法用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷（PSQI）,对328名福州市综合性大学本科生进行调查。结果①大学生睡眠质量总分为5.51±2.28,睡眠状况不佳的有22.9%;②性别对主观睡眠质量、睡眠障碍和总体睡眠质量有影响;③不同年级大学生的睡眠情况存在显著差异;④专业因素对睡眠障碍有影响;⑤拥有电脑情况对睡眠障碍有影响。结论应重视大学生睡眠状况,有针对性地加强睡眠咨询和干预。     

REM sleep deprivation increases preference for novelty in rats.

As a further test of the hypothesis that REM deprivation decreases fear, the behavior of 40 male rats was measured in a Y-maze adapted to test for preference for novelty. Prior to this test, the animals were exposed for 4 days to one of four treatments, i.e., either a dry environment control, a wet environment control, a 2-day REM deprivation period or a 4-day REM deprivation period. During the test both number of grid crossing in the novel and non-novel arms of the Y-maze and three indices of emotionality were recorded. The results were congruent with data we had reported earlier and offered convincing evidence in support of the hypothesis.     

河南城市学龄前儿童睡眠状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解河南城市学龄前儿童睡眠状况及其影响因素,为该地区学龄前儿童保持合理睡眠时间和睡眠干预提供参考。方法 2019年5—6月采用分层整群抽样的方法在河南对4 226名3～6岁学龄前儿童家长进行儿童睡眠状况及影响因素的调查,并采用χ²检验、logistic回归分析等方法进行分析。结果 河南城市学龄前儿童平均睡眠时长为（9.46±1.98）h,睡眠不足的比例为56.60%。在体力活动时间、视屏时间、抚养者、父亲学历、母亲学历等方面睡眠不足的比例相比较均有统计学意义（χ² = 46.853、48.424、27.763、19.654、20.063,P＜0.001）。Logistic回归分析表明,河南城市＞4～4.5岁（OR = 1.313,95%CI:1.064～1.567）、＞4.5～5岁（OR = 1.982,95%CI:1.627～2.355）、＞5～5.5岁（OR = 2.052,95%CI:1.674～2.435）、＞5.5～6岁（OR = 2.374,95%CI:1.812～2.944）学龄前儿童、体力活动时间＜60 min/d（OR = 1.745,95%CI:1.483～2.011）、体力活动时间60～120 min/d（OR = 1.481,95%CI:1.251～1.722）、外祖父母等抚养（OR = 1.222,95%CI:1.061～1.381）、母亲学历初中及以下（OR = 1.364,95%CI:1.147～1.595）、母亲学历高中（OR = 1.171,95%CI:1.024～1.321）者其学龄前儿童的睡眠不足发生率较高,呈正相关关系。结论 河南学龄前儿童睡眠不足问题凸显,年龄、体力活动、视屏时间、抚养者、母亲学历等是导致睡眠不足的影响因素,应针对影响因素给予干预和改善。     

广东省中老年人群睡眠状况与高血压患病的关联性研究

目的 研究广东省中老年人群睡眠状况与高血压患病的关联性,为高血压防控“关口前移”提供科学依据。方法 采用“2018年广东省慢性病及危险因素监测数据”,按照多阶段整群随机抽样方法,纳入5 636名≥45岁中老年人为研究对象。运用SAS 9.4软件进行Rao-Scott 检验和基于复杂抽样构建logistic回归模型分析睡眠状况与高血压患病的关系。运用R 4.0.5软件绘制限制性立方样条曲线分析睡眠时间与高血压患病风险的量效关系。结果 广东省中老年人高血压患病率是37.93%,平均睡眠时间是(7.36±1.61)h; 其中男性平均睡眠时间多于女性,而女性睡眠问题比例显著高于男性。经多因素回归模型控制后,睡眠时间不足或过多(OR=1.280,95%CI:1.128～1.452; OR=1.300,95%CI:1.038～1.627)、入睡困难(OR=1.286,95%CI:1.018～1.626)、中间觉醒≥2次(OR=1.239,95%CI:1.036～1.483)和服用安眠药(OR=1.567,95%CI:1.086～2.261)均使高血压患病风险升高。结论 广东省中老年人群的睡眠时间不足或过多、入睡困难、中间觉醒≥2次和服用安眠药均与高血压患病显著正相关,应对该特征的人群进行干预,旨在降低高血压的患病率。