Current perspectives on bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) clearly originated in the UK, where there have now been more than 180 000 cases. However, through the exportation of cattle and cattle-feed additives from the UK, BSE also became established to a lesser extent in other European countries. There is current concern that BSE might have been distributed more widely as a result of the exportation of cattle or BSE-infected feed or foodstuff not only from the UK but also from other European countries that later became affected. It is now recognized that the transmissible agent that causes BSE also causes a new variant form of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, and the evidence for this is presented. This probably resulted from dietary exposure to the bovine agent, and the potential role of mechanically recovered meat is discussed. There is a brief discussion on the controversial issue of the nature of the causal agents of diseases like BSE and vCJD. Whether or not sheep or goats could have become infected with BSE, and whether they represent a human health hazard, is also debated. Finally, the question of the control of BSE, and consequently vCJD, is discussed with regard to the rigorous application of the relevant regulations.     

Ras homolog gene family H (RhoH) deficiency induces psoriasis-like chronic dermatitis by promoting TH17 cell polarization

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肝癌相关抗原HAg18—1 ELISA诊断药盒在血清学诊断中的应用

应用HAg 18-1 ELIsA诊断药盒,对原发性肝癌(PHc)、肝炎及肝炎伴有肝硬化、其他癌(肺癌、胃癌、结肠癌)以及正常人,共400例,进行了血清学的检测。结果显示:HAg 18-1 ELISA阳性检测率,PHC为81％,肝炎及伴有肝硬化为30％,肺癌为36％,胃癌为28％,结肠癌为12％,正常人为0。PHC组HAg 18-1 ELISA检测阳性率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。此外PHC 80例中有56例同时伴有AFP的检测,其中AFP 17/56阴性,17例阴性中HAg 18-1 ELISA检测阳性10例(59％),故对AFP检测PHC具有明显协同和补充诊断价值。此药盒操作简便,易于推扩,对PHC的临床诊断和普查提供了新方法。     

Brain mapping analysis in patients with hepatic encephalopathy

Summary Topographical analysis of cerebral electrical activity was performed in 44 patients with hepatic encephalopathy. These patients were classified in 5 groups according to clinical criteria. Eight healthy subjects were used as a control group. All were studied in an awake, eyes closed, condition and some [Control Group (CG), Group 0 (G0), Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2)] also in an awake, eyes open, condition. The awake, eyes closed, maps showed marked differences in the power spectral density (PSD) of the different bands, when comparing normal subjects with patients with several degrees of hepatic encephalopathy. These differences were related to the degree of clinical involvement, mainly in the alpha and delta PSD bands. The combination of a decreased alpha PSD, increased delta PSD, and decreased mean dominant frequency (MDF) allowed a clear discrimination between the different clinical groups. The differences observed between awake, eyes closed, and awake, eyes open, conditions were especially helpful to discriminate between CG subjects and G0, G1 and G2 patients.     

不同来源的TIL临床应用研究

以５１例晚期肿瘤患者作为研究对象，对其不同来源的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（ＴＩＬ）进行治疗研究，发现肿瘤组织来源的ＴＩＬ其有效率及一年生存率明显高于胸腹水及转移淋巴结的ＴＡＬ；其中肿瘤组织的ＴＩＬ，胸腹水、转移淋巴结的ＴＡＬ有效率分别为８０．９％、４０．０％、４６．６％；三者治疗肿瘤患者的一年生存率分别为８１．０％、４６．７％、６０．０％；另外发现胸腹水ＴＡＬ对实质性肿块治疗疗效较低，为４０％，其中静脉滴     

大鼠肝再生中糖代谢相关基因的表达变化

目的了解糖类代谢相关基因在大鼠肝再生中的表达变化。方法本研究用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得糖类代谢相关基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,用比较手术组和假手术组中基因表达的差异性确定肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中118个基因与肝再生相关。肝再生早期[部分肝切除(PH)后0.5~4h]、前期(PH后4~12h)、中期(PH后16~66h)和后期(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为33、6、68和7;基因的总表达次数为68、44、210和83。表明肝再生相关基因主要在肝再生启动阶段起始表达,在不同阶段发挥作用。它们共上调205次,下调200次,分为12种表达方式,表明肝再生中糖代谢活动多样和复杂。其中,单糖和糖原代谢、糖蛋白和糖脂(主要为神经节苷脂)合成相关基因几乎在整个肝再生中表达增强,寡糖和糖胺聚糖合成及糖蛋白和糖脂分解相关基因表达下调。结论肝再生与糖代谢密切相关。     

脑干听觉诱发电位、CT在新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病中的诊断价值

目的:应用脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)结合CT为诊断新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病(HIE)及分度提供科学诊断依据。方法:采用ZABR—200型脑干反应测听仪及西德SomatomDR型高分辨全身扫描机对30例HIE患儿进行检测和扫描。结果:BAEP:正常4例(13.3％),异常26例(86.7％),CT:轻度异常8例,中度异常14例,重度异常8例。结论:本研究CT所示脑损伤程度与临床表现程度有密切关系,BAEP检查敏感性高,影响因素小,结果准确可靠,对诊断HIE,预测和评价预后,指导治疗均有一定的价值。     

Neuroprotective effects of IGF-I against TNFalpha-induced neuronal damage in HIV-associated dementia

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection often results in disorders of the central nervous system, including HIV-associated dementia (HAD). It is suspected that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) released by activated and/or infected macrophages/microglia plays a role in the process of neuronal damage seen in AIDS patients. In light of earlier studies showing that the activation of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) exerts a strong neuroprotective effect, we investigated the ability of IGF-I to protect neuronal cells from HIV-infected macrophages. Our results demonstrate that the conditioned medium from HIV-1-infected macrophages, HIV/CM, causes loss of neuronal processes in differentiated PC12 and P19 neurons and that these neurodegenerative effects are associated with the presence of TNFalpha. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IGF-I rescues differentiated neurons from both HIV/CM and TNFalpha-induced damage and that IGF-I-mediated neuroprotection is strongly enhanced by overexpression of the wt IGF-IR cDNA and attenuated by the antisense IGF-IR cDNA. Finally, IGF-I-mediated antiapoptotic pathways are continuously functional in differentiated neurons exposed to HIV/CM and are likely supported by TNFalpha-mediated phosphorylation of I(kappa)B. All together these results suggest that the balance between TNFalpha and IGF-IR signaling pathways may control the extent of neuronal injury in this HIV-related experimental setting.     

脂类代谢和运输涉及的基因与大鼠肝再生的相关性分析

目的在基因转录水平了解脂类代谢和运输相关基因在大鼠肝再生(LR)中的表达变化和模式。方法用搜集网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得参与脂类代谢和运输基因,用大鼠基因组230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中的表达情况,用比较手术和假手术中基因表达的差异性确定肝再生相关基因。结果初步证实上述基因中193个基因与肝再生相关。肝再生早期[部分肝切除(PH)后0.5~4h]、前期(PH后6~12h)、中期(PH后12~66h)、后期(PH后72~168h)等4个阶段起始表达的基因数为113、20、66和1;基因的总表达次数为250、205、796和293。共上调852次,下调630次,分为27种表达方式。肝再生早期和前期胆汁酸代谢相关基因转录减弱;早期和后期糖皮质激素分解相关基因转录增强;前期和中期磷脂合成相关基因转录增强,磷脂分解相关基因转录减弱;中期脂肪酸、白三烯和鞘糖脂合成相关基因转录增强,甘油三酯和磷脂酰肌醇代谢相关基因转录增强,鞘糖脂分解相关基因转录减弱;中期和后期前列腺素合成和脂肪酸分解相关基因转录增强;几乎在整个肝再生中性激素、糖皮质激素和孕酮合成相关基因转录增强,鞘磷脂代谢相关基因转录增强,脂类运输相关基因转录增强,胆固醇代谢相关基因转录减弱。结论肝再生中脂类代谢和运输变化较大,与肝再生密切相关。     

A comparative study of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue in calf and chicken

The calf contains two types of Peyer's patches (PPs): jejunal and ileal. The ileal PP has been thought to be equivalent to the bursa of Fabricius (BF) as a central lymphoid organ. The morphologies of ileal and jejunal PPs in the calf were compared with those of the BF and the caecal tonsil (CT) in the chicken. Immunoglobulin G–positive (IgG⁺) cells appear in the follicles of them all and exhibited a dendritic appearance after birth. We investigated whether the IgG in these follicles was produced in situ. IgG‐producing cells were detected in the follicular medullas of the jejunal PP and the CT, but not in those of the ileal PP and the BF. CD4⁺ cells were distributed in the follicular medullas of the jejunal PP and the CT, but not in those of the ileal PP and the BF. The data suggest that Ig class switching occurs in both jejunal PP follicles and CT follicles, but does not occur in either the ileal PP follicles or the bursal follicles. Because CD4⁺ T cells would be prerequisite for Ig class switching in these follicles, IgG⁺ cells of the follicular medullas in the ileal PP and the BF would trap immune complexes from the gut lumen. The primary B‐cell repertoire might be selected by gut‐derived antigens in the ileal PP and the BF before seeding the periphery. Anat Rec 266:207–217, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.