二种无创通气模式在早产儿呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的：探讨经鼻塞持续气道正压通气(nasal continuous positive airway pressure, nCPAP)和经鼻双相正压通气(nasal biphasic positive airway pressure ventilation,nBiPAP)治疗早产儿呼吸衰竭,比较这二种模式的不同和优劣。方法81例早产儿合并呼吸衰竭需要应用呼吸支持者,分别应用nCPAP和nBiPAP模式治疗,对其无创通气和总吸氧时间、治疗失败例数、呼气末正压(PEEP)、总近期并发症发生例数以及继发感染情况等进行比较。结果 nBiPAP治疗组(n=36)患儿的平均无创通气时间为(96.34±31.5)h,总吸氧天数为(10.11±9.39)d,3例治疗失败,严重并发症发生率5.56%(2/36),PEEP(4.08±0.73)cmH2O(1cmH2O =0.098kPa);nCPAP 组(n =45)平均无创通气时间为(114.14±41.69)h,总吸氧天数为(17.53±15.96)d,15例治疗失败,严重并发症发生率15.56%(7/45),PEEP(5.11±1.01)cmH2O,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。但在感染控制和动脉导管未闭方面,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。结论 nB iPAP可作为早产儿合并呼吸衰竭的首选治疗措施之一,明显优于nCPAP,尽早正确使用可避免有创通气。     

手控高频持续正压通气转运新生儿重症胎粪吸入综合征

目的：探讨用自动充气式复苏囊( self-inflating bag,SIB)＋PEEP设备,手控高频持续正压通气在转运新生儿重症胎粪吸入综合征( meconium aspiration syndrome,MAS)的临床方法及应用价值。方法在支气管肺泡灌洗、纠正酸中毒、循环支持等对症支持治疗基础上,对52例重症MAS患儿转运过程中采用SIB＋PEEP阀手控高频持续正压通气,观察病情加重、并发症发生情况,监测治疗前后不同时间的血气,并分析预后。结果52例患儿均转运成功,转运途中病情无恶化,无新增气漏、持续肺动脉高压发生,且各时间点血气 pH、PaO2、PaCO2、PaO2/FiO2均改善,差异有统计学意义( P <0.01);转运前持续肺动脉高压3例(5.77％,3/52)经转运途中加用硫酸镁等治疗病情好转;经入院后续治疗,治愈48例(92.31％,48/52),好转4例(7.69％,4/52)均合并有慢性肺疾病,但随访至出生后6个月正常。结论手控高频持续正压通气转运新生儿重型MAS方法可靠、有效、便于推广。     

积极心理学理论在血液透析品管圈活动中的应用

目的 探讨积极心理学在品管圈活动中的应用效果及对生活满意度和幸福感的影响.方法 将积极心理学理论应用到品管圈活动中,在活动前对参与活动的10名医护人员进行生活满意度及幸福感问卷调查,设定品管的目标值,干预后对参与者再次进行调查并测定目标达成率.结果 干预后,10名参与者的生活满意度和幸福感均高于干预前,干预后生活满意度[(25.7±2.3)分]和幸福感[(64.6±6.8)分]均高于干预前[(14.0±4.1)分和(41.8±1.5)分],差异有统计学意义(t值分别为-11.299、-9.816,均P＜0.05),目标达成率为106.5％.结论 积极心理学能提高生活满意度和幸福感,对品管圈活动有促进作用.     

胸科手术的单肺通气策略

背景 在胸科手术的麻醉中进行单肺通气(one-lung ventilation,OLV),不但可以为手术提供良好的术野,而且可以隔离并保护肺脏.但是,这是一种非生理状态下的通气方式,OLV期间的气压伤和氧毒性等因素常导致机械通气相关性肺损伤(ventilator-induced lung injury,VILI). 目的 探讨适合胸科手术的OLV策略. 内容 在OLV期间,采用肺泡复苏策略(alveolar recruitment strategy,ARS)和“小潮气量+呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)”的保护性通气策略,使吸气平台压(plateau pressure,Pplat)＜25 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)和气道峰压(peak inspiratory pressure,Ppeak)＜35 cmH2O;限制FiO2;依据动脉血气分析的结果,酌情调整呼吸频率. 趋向 在OLV期间,应避免肺泡的过度膨胀和循环性的萎陷-复张,避免高浓度氧导致氧化应激加重,可以接受短时间内的高碳酸血症.对患者进行个体化管理,降低ICU的入住率及住院时间,提高患者的生存率及生存质量.     

利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压在胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的运用

目的 探讨单肺通气利用动态肺顺应性设定呼气末正压通气(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)的优势及可行性. 方法 选择预行右侧肺叶切除患者80例,完全随机分为A组和B组,每组40例:A组,单肺通气实施肺膨胀(sustained inflation,SI)复张后加用20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)的PEEP并递减滴定,随后以得到最大肺顺应性的PEEP值通气,直到恢复双肺通气;B组,通气PEEP值固定为5 cmH2O,其他通气方法同A组.记录患者血气、呼吸等参数. 结果 两组设定的PEEP值[A组(9.2±1.2) cmH2O,B组5 cmH2O]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在单肺通气1 h(T3)、手术结束(T4)时,两组动脉血氧分压(partial pressure of oxygen,PaO2)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);B组的PaO2在T3～T4逐步降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而A组则维持较好(P＞0.05);T3、T4时刻A组的动态肺顺应性[(30.8±5.9)、(30.7±6.4) ml/cmH2O]与B组[(26.6±5.5)、(26.4±5.2) ml/cmH2O]比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 胸腔镜肺叶切除术中的单肺通气,利用动态肺顺应性设定的PEEP值通气能够得到更好的氧合及呼吸参数,并且维持较好.     

梅毒孕妇与其配偶梅毒血清学试验的相关性分析

目的：探讨梅毒孕妇与其配偶梅毒血清学试验的相关性。方法选择我院2009年1月至2014年12月收治的400例梅毒孕妇为研究对象,对其及配偶进行甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)和梅毒螺旋体明胶凝聚试验(TPPA)试验,根据孕妇TRUST滴度高低不同,分析其与配偶TRUST和TPPA阳性率的关系。结果400例梅毒孕妇血清学试验均为阳性,其配偶TRUST试验阳性96例,TPPA阳性99例。而TRUST滴度高于1：16的孕妇其配偶TRUST、TPPA检测阳性率(48.28%、51.72%)高于滴度为1：8~1：16(29.82%、31.58%)以及滴度≤1：4(21.74%、22.07%)的梅毒孕妇配偶,经比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。滴度1：8~1：16、滴度≤1：4两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论开展妊娠梅毒普查,追踪检测其配偶情况,可有效降低梅毒发病率。TRUST滴度超过1：16的产妇其配偶感染率明显增加,临床应引起重视。     

Future directions for community engagement as a public health approach to palliative care in Australia

The origins of contemporary public health approaches to palliative and end-of-life care can be traced to Victoria, Australia. The work of Allan Kellehear and the palliative care unit at La Trobe University proved seminal, and this continues to grow. But while the growth of compassionate communities continues internationally, both challenges and opportunities remain for communities in Australia. In this context, we discuss future directions for community engagement as a public health approach to palliative care.

Drawing from examples of community activities and from the literature, we highlight the use of arts and social media as an emerging strength from which to build. Through the lens of positive education, we propose a positive paradigm for death education in schools to promote positive dying. The relevance and potential contribution of appreciative inquiry is then explored as an asset-based public health approach to support sustainable community development. Collective action towards these future directions will contribute to the continued flourishing of public health approaches to palliative care in Australia.     

Positive-thinking and life satisfaction amongst Koreans

PURPOSE: The present study examined the positive-thinking and life satisfaction of the general Korean population. In particular, we examined the role of positive-thinking on participants' life satisfaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a telephone survey of 409 respondents (194 males, 215 females). The participants provided self-reports on their positive thinking, life satisfaction and demographic information. RESULTS: The results showed that age, education, occupation, and family income had an influence on positive- thinking as well as life satisfaction in Korea. Specifically, younger respondents and persons with high incomes or higher education degrees were more likely to have higher positive scores and thus higher life satisfaction scores. However, after controlling for the demographic variables, positive thinking significantly affected life satisfaction(R(2) Change=0.170, F= 88.56, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We provided empirical evidence that positive thinking may indeed play a significant role in life satisfaction. Therefore, positive thinking would offer important direction for the growth of life satisfaction and interventions aiming to remediate the effects of demographic variables on life satisfaction.     

Nicotine improves probabilistic reward learning in wildtype but not alpha7 nAChR null mutants,yet alpha7 nAChR agonists do not improve probabilistic learning

Cognitive impairments, e.g., reward learning, are present in various psychiatric disorders and warrant treatment. Improving reward-related learning could synergistically enhance psychosocial treatments and cognition generally. A critical first step is to understand the mechanisms underlying reward learning. The dopamine system has been implicated in such learning, but less known is how indirect activation of this system may affect reward learning. We determined the role of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) on a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRLT) in mice that includes reward and punishment. Male alpha7 knockout (KO), heterozygous (HT), and wildtype (WT) littermate mice (n?=?84) were treated with vehicle, 0.03, or 0.3?mg/kg nicotine. Two cohorts of C57BL/6NJ male mice were treated with various alpha7 nAChR ligands, including the full agonists PNU282877 and AR-R-17779, the positive allosteric modulator CCMI, the partial agonist SSR180711, and the antagonist methyllycaconitine. All mice were then tested in the PRLT. Nicotine (0.3?mg/kg) significantly improved initial reward learning in alpha7 WT and HT mice but did not improve learning in KO mice, suggesting an involvement of the alpha7 nAChR in the pro-learning effects of nicotine. Neither alpha7 nAChR treatments (PNU282987, AR-R-17779, CCMI, SSR180711, nor methyllycaconitine) affected mouse PRLT performance however. Nicotine improved reward learning via a mechanism that may include alpha7 nAChRs. This improvement unlikely relied solely on alpha7 nAChRs however, since no alpha7 nAChR ligand improved reward learning in normal mice. Future assessments of the effects of other nAChR subtypes on reward learning are needed.     

正/负性情绪对中国老年人死亡风险影响的前瞻性队列研究

目的: 探索正/负性情绪对中国老年人死亡风险的影响。方法: 利用中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查2008、2011、2014和2018年4期的数据,以2008年65周岁及以上的10 993例老年人为研究对象,比较不同性别和年龄组老年人的各维度正/负性情绪状况及差异,通过构建Cox比例风险模型分析正/负性情绪对其死亡风险的影响。结果: 与女性老年人相比,男性老年人负性情绪较低,正性情绪较高。随着年龄增加,老年人的负性情绪增加,而正性情绪减少。调整了基线调查时受访者的基本人口特征、健康状况和生活习惯变量后,分析结果显示正性情绪维度下,“整洁偏好”(HR=0.922,95%CI:0.889~0.956)、“自主性”(HR=0.933,95%CI:0.914~0.952)和“年轻感”(HR=0.948,95%CI:0.927~0.969)对老年人的死亡风险起到保护作用,而在“豁达观”这一维度,不同回答老年人其死亡风险差异无统计学意义。负性情绪维度下,“紧张与恐惧”(HR=1.039,95%CI:1.014~1.065)、“孤独感”(HR=1.053,95%CI:1.029~1.079)和“无用感”(HR=1.069,95%CI:1.047~1.091)对老年人的死亡风险起到危害作用。正性情绪越多,老年人的死亡风险越低(HR=0.967,95%CI:0.956~0.978),而负性情绪越多,老年人死亡风险则越高(HR=1.024,95%CI:1.013~1.035)。结论: 老年人各维度的负性情绪可能增加其死亡风险,应及时疏导老年人的负性情绪;在老年人的健康促进中也应注重对其各维度正性情绪的鼓励,这需要家庭、社区和政府的共同努力。