尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床提供可靠的诊断和治疗依据. 方法对1999年1月～2003年1月间,我院住院及门诊患者尿培养分离出的107株细菌进行鉴定和耐药分析. 结果尿路感染菌株以大肠埃希菌为主,占57.9%;其次为肠球菌属、变形菌属、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、葡萄球菌属及真菌;肠杆菌科细菌除对亚胺培南保持100%敏感外,对其他抗生素耐药率均呈上升趋势;革兰阳性球菌耐药率也相当严重,仅万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌敏感率为100%. 结论尿路感染主要病原菌为肠杆菌科细菌,由于病原菌耐药性呈上升趋势,临床医师应根据尿培养结果合理使用抗菌药物.     

肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征

目的探讨肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征. 方法通过对2000年1月～2001年12月肿瘤住院患者临床各类标本中分离的1 280株病原菌,并按美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)标准进行药敏试验. 结果肿瘤患者感染病原菌前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌(21.5%)、大肠埃希菌(19.0%)、不动杆菌属(10.5%)、克雷伯菌属(10.2%)、肠杆菌属(10.1%);甲氧西林耐药株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的71.8%、80.6%,未发现万古霉素耐药株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为34.6%和35.6%,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性显著降低. 结论肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,并有多重耐药,应加强细菌耐药性监测工作,合理使用抗生素,降低肿瘤患者医院感染的发生率.     

老年患者下呼吸道医院感染病原菌分布及体外耐药监测

目的探讨老年患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药状况,制定针对性预防与控制措施. 方法对285例下呼吸道感染的老年患者痰及下呼吸道分泌物进行常规细菌培养,用琼脂扩散法进行体外药物敏感试验,并加以统计分析. 结果老年下呼吸道感染病例的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,占86.3%,其中铜绿假单胞菌检出率占首位,达26.0%;革兰阳性球菌中检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌占金黄色葡萄球菌总数的41.7%;体外耐药监测表明:革兰阴性杆菌除流感嗜血杆菌对常用抗菌药物保持较好的敏感性外,其余细菌均已产生了较高的耐药性. 结论临床微生物室必须做好老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的检测工作,及时指导临床医师合理用药.     

老年患者院内肺部感染病原菌分析

目的探讨老年患者院内肺部感染的病原菌分布及耐药性,为治疗提供帮助. 方法对 220例老年院内肺部感染患者进行痰细菌学培养和药物敏感试验. 结果两组老年院内肺部感染的病原菌均以G 杆菌为主,分别占86.5%和81.3%,以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、产碱假单胞菌多见;两组病原菌对多种抗生素耐药率较高,慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)组的耐药率高于无COPD组,COPD组G 杆菌对头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮的耐药性高于无COPD组(P＜0.05);COPD组治疗好转率低于无COPD组. 结论老年患者院内肺部感染以G 杆菌为主,细菌耐药性明显增高,应合理选用抗生素.     

婴幼儿泪囊炎病原菌208株分布和耐药性分析

目的了解婴幼儿泪囊炎病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法用常规方法对婴幼儿泪囊炎分泌物标本进行病原菌分离培养鉴定,用纸片扩散法（K-B法）进行药物敏感性试验,对分离出的病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析。结果共分离出非重复病原菌208株,其中革兰阴性杆菌105株占50.5%（105/208）,革兰阳性球菌100株占48.1%（100/208）,真菌3株占1.4%（3/208）。分离率居首位的为肺炎链球菌占17.3%（36/208）,其次为表皮葡萄球菌占13.0%（27/208）、肺炎克雷伯菌占10.6%（22/208）和副流感嗜血杆菌占9.6%（20/208）。氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星对以上4种主要病原菌耐药率均〈30%。结论婴幼儿泪囊炎病原菌以肺炎链球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和副流感嗜血杆菌为主。氧氟沙星和左氧氟沙星对婴幼儿泪囊炎病原菌均具有较好的体外抗菌活性。     

新生儿败血症病原学特征分析

目的 探讨本院新生儿败血症病原菌的分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素,促进医院感染的有效防控.方法 对2006年1月至2011年5月我院新生儿科收治的败血症患儿进行回顾性分析,按照发病时间分为早发型败血症及晚发型败血症,并根据发生感染的地点分为社区获得性感染及医院感染.结果 研究期间共收治新生儿败血症121例.早发型败血症50例(41.3％),病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,共40例(80％),其中含产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLS)株5例(10％),革兰阳性凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌10例(20％).晚发型败血症71例(58.6％),其中社区感染56例(78.9％),病原菌以革兰阳性球菌为主,共30例(42.2％),革兰阴性杆菌26例(36.6％);医院感染15例(21.1％),革兰阴性杆菌7例(9.9％),其中产ESBLs株4例(5.6％),革兰阳性凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌4例(5.6％),真菌4例(5.6％),均为白色念珠菌.结论 早发型败血症及晚发型败血症、社区获得性败血症及医院感染败血症病原谱不同,均有多重耐药菌产生.     

Dendritic cell functions: Learning from microbial evasion strategies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells (APC) that are fundamental to initiate both immunity and tolerance. DCs play a ‘sentinel’ role to protect our body from potential pathogens and induce tolerogenic responses toward harmless antigens. The flexibility of DCs or macrophages to adapt to the environment and to respond accordingly can be hijacked by pathogens for their own interest to transform a potentially immunogenic APC into a tolerogenic cell with clear consequences in pathogen clearance. While these immune evasion mechanisms can be detrimental for the host, they can highlight important molecular pathways in DCs necessary for their function. In this review we will mention several mechanisms employed by pathogens to evade DC patrolling function.     

Drainage systems,an occluded source of sanitation related outbreaks

Background

Drainage systems and its role in sanitation related outbreaks are evident but still occluded once it has been installed. This current review evaluates if drainage systems can cause infections and thus be of clinical concern.

Method

A review of the literature was analyzed. Papers, guidelines, and quality management systems have been considered.

Results

Adequate sanitation is fundamental and a prerequisite for safe life and productivity. In contrast, malfunctioning sanitation has been reported to cause outbreaks all over the world. In areas with no sanitation, diarrheal mortality is high and has been shown to decrease by 36% after interventions to improve sanitation. Often, infections are faeces associated and when present in wastewater and sewage sludge poses a high risk of infection upon exposure. Hence, there are working safety guidelines and in industries where infection reduction is essential strict quality assurance systems, i.e. HACCP (hazard analysis critical control points) and GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) must be complied. Healthcare has recently taken interest in the HACCP system in their efforts to reduce healthcare associated infections as a response to increasing number of ineffective antibiotics and the threat of mortality rate like the pre-antibiotic era. The last few years have called for immediate action to contain the emergence of increasing resistant microorganisms. Resistance is obtained as a result of overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare and agriculture. Also, by the discharge of antibiotics from manufacturers, healthcare and society. One mechanism of development of novel resistant pathogens has been shown to be by effortless sharing of genetic mobile elements coding for resistance from microbes in the environment to human microbes. These pathogens have been sampled from the drainage systems. These were noticed owing to their possession of an unusual antibiotic resistance profile linking them to the outbreak. Often the cause of sanitation related outbreaks is due to inadequate sanitation and maintenance. However, in general these infections probably go unnoticed.

Conclusion

Drainage systems and its maintenance, if neglected, could pose a threat in both community and healthcare causing infections as well as emergence of multi-resistant bacteria that could cause unpredictable clinical manifestations.