先行钩突切断的胰十二指肠切除术

目的 介绍一种新的胰十二指肠切除方法.方法 当肿瘤横跨在门静脉前方、肿瘤侵犯肠系膜上动脉的情况不明和有异常肝动脉起源的可能时,先行钩突切断可以避免手术中出现尴尬局面.在探查无远处和肝脏转移情况下,打开胃结肠韧带并作Kocher切口充分暴露胰腺后,先切断钩突系膜,如此时发现肿瘤累及肠系膜上动脉,则终止根治性手术.在有异位肝动脉起源时,本方法可避免意外肝动脉损伤;当肿瘤病灶横跨胰颈时,采用本方法可保证肿瘤的切除,并保护脾静脉不受损伤.结果 2004年6月到2006年5月,9例病人按上述方法行胰十二指肠切除术,男性6例,女性3例,平均年龄(60.5±12.3)岁.9例手术无围手术期死亡.平均手术时间6.5 h,同期其他胰十二指肠切除术平均耗时5.2 h,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).平均失血量350 ml,未较同期胰十二指肠切除术明显增加(322 ml,P＞0.05).术后并发症发牛率(33.3%vs 26.9%,P＞0.05)无明显增加.结论 先行钩突切除的胰十二指肠切除术对有经验的胰腺外科医生足一个安全的手术.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy after placement of endobiliary metal stents

Contemporary treatment programs for patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer often involve preoperative therapy. When the duration of preoperative therapy exceeds 2 months, the risk of plastic endobiliary stent occlusion increases. Metal stents have much better patency but may complicate subsequent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). We evaluated rates of perioperative morbidity, mortality, and stent complications in 272 consecutive patients who underwent PD at our institution from May 2001 to November 2004. Of these 272 patients, 29 (11%) underwent PD after placement of a metal stent, 141 underwent PD after placement of a plastic stent, 10 had PD after biliary bypass without stenting, and 92 had PD without any form of biliary decompression. No differences were found between the Metal Stent group and all other patients in median operative time, intraoperative blood loss, or length of hospital stay. No perioperative deaths occurred in the Metal Stent group versus 3 (1.2%) deaths in the other 243 patients. The incidence of major perioperative complications was similar between the two groups, including the rates of pancreatic fistula, intra-abdominal abscess, and wound infection. Furthermore, there were no differences in the perioperative morbidity or mortality rates between patients who underwent preoperative biliary decompression with a stent of any kind (metal or plastic) and those patients who underwent no biliary decompression at all. Metal stent-related complications occurred in 2 (7%) of 29 patients during a median preoperative interval of 4.1 months; in contrast, 75 (45%) of the 166 patients who had had plastic stents experienced complications, including 98 stent occlusions, during a median preoperative interval of 3.9 months (P < 0.001). We conclude that the use of expandable metal stents does not increase PD-associated perioperative morbidity or mortality, and as such an expandable metal stent is our preferred method of biliary decompression in patients with symptomatic malignant distal bile duct obstruction in whom surgery is not anticipated, or in whom there is a significant delay in the time to surgery. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation). Supported by the Lockton Fund for Pancreatic Cancer Research, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.     

原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的加强对十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现、诊断与治疗的认识。方法回顾性分析我院 1990～ 2 0 0 2年收治的 81例原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床资料。结果本组肿瘤位于乳头上部 13例 (16 % ) ,乳头周围部 6 3例 (78% ) ,乳头下部 5例 (6 % )。常见临床表现有上腹痛、黄疸、上消化道出血、呕吐及体重下降等。术前诊断率为 80 %。行胰十二指肠切除术 5 4例 ,节段性肠切除术和剖腹探查 活检术各 2例 ,毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术和乏特壶腹局部切除术各 1例 ,旁路转流术 2 1例 ,手术切除率为 70 %。行胰十二指肠切除术患者术后 3年和 5年生存率分别为 36 %和 2 1% ,行节段性肠切除术患者于 1年内死亡 ,毕Ⅱ式胃大部切除术生存 2 5个月 ,乏特壶腹局部切除术生存 18个月 ,旁路转流术均于 1～ 18个月死亡。结论原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤的临床表现多样 ,早期诊断困难 ,加强对本病的认识和实施根治性胰十二指肠切除术是改善预后的关键。     

Duodenopancreatectomía cefálica y tutorización externa del conducto de Wirsung. Resultados de una serie de 80 casos consecutivos

IntroductionThere is controversy regarding the ideal pancreaticojejunostomy technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Many authors consider the external Wirsung stenting technique to be associated with a low incidence of fistula, morbidity and mortality. We analyse our experience with this technique.Patients and methodsA retrospective analysis of the morbidity and mortality of a series of 80 consecutive patients who had been treated surgically over a 6.5-year period for pancreatic head or periampullary tumors, performing pancreaticoduodenectomy and pancreaticojejunostomy with external Wirsung duct stenting.ResultsMean patient age was 68.3 ± 9 years, and the resectability rate was 78%. The texture of the pancreas was soft in 51.2% of patients and hard in 48.8%. Pylorus-preserving resection was performed in 43.8%. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent tumor (68.8%), and R0 was confirmed in 70% of patients. Biochemical fistula was observed in 11.2%, pancreatic fistula grade B in 12.5% and C in 2.5%, whereas the abdominal reoperation rate was 10%. Median postoperative hospital stay was 16 days, and postoperative and 90-day mortality was 2.5%. Delayed gastric emptying was observed in 36.3% of patients, de novo diabetes in 12.5%, and exocrine insufficiency in 3. Patient survival rates after 1, 3 and 5 years were 80.2, 53.6 and 19.2%, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough our low rates of postoperative complications and mortality using external Wirsung duct stenting coincides with other more numerous recent series, it is necessary to perform a comparative analysis with other techniques, including more cases, to choose the best reconstruction technique after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

机器人与腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术近期疗效的荟萃分析

目的通过荟萃分析系统评价机器人胰十二指肠切除(RPD)与腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除(LPD)治疗壶腹部及其周围肿瘤的近期疗效。方法分别在Pubmed、Embase、Cochrane Library及Sinomed英文数据库中进行检索,检索词为"pancreaticoduodenectomy"、"duodenopanreatectomy"、"whipple"、"laparoscopic"、"robotic"、"Da Vinci";在万方数据知识服务平台、维普中文期刊服务平台及中国知网中文数据库中进行检索,检索词为胰十二指肠切除、腹腔镜、机器人、达芬奇,检索时限均从建库至2020年4月。分析比较RPD组与LPD组患者手术中转开腹率、术后并发症发生率以及术后住院时间等指标的差异,采用RevMan 5.3统计学软件进行荟萃分析。结果最终纳入4项回顾性队列研究共1001例患者,其中RPD组451例,LPD组550例。荟萃分析结果显示,RPD组与LPD组患者手术中转开腹率差异有统计学意义[优势比(OR)=0.35,95%CI:0.24~0.50,P<0.05]。而在术后总体并发症发生率(OR=1.23,95%CI:0.95~1.58,P>0.05)、出血发生率(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.50~1.00,P>0.05)、胰瘘发生率(OR=1.09,95%CI:0.80~1.49,P>0.05)、胃排空障碍发生率(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.57~1.14,P>0.05)以及术后住院时间(加权均数差=-2.87,95%CI:-1.44~1.70,P>0.05)方面两组进行比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论RPD与LPD一样安全可行,且RPD可以降低中转开腹率、不增加手术并发症发生率。     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with splenectomy for a patient with pancreatic cancer and pancytopenia due to liver cirrhosis: Case report

Introduction and importanceThe incidence of patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) is increasing. Patients with LC are known to have a greater risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality than patients without LC. A treatment option such as pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) has not been validated to be safe for these patients, especially those with pancytopenia due to portal hypertension (PH). Providing an effective treatment option for these patients is essential.Case presentationHerein, we describe a patient with pancreatic cancer with pancytopenia due to LC that was successfully treated with PD combined with splenectomy. The patient was a 70-year-old woman who was referred to our hospital for evaluation of a mass in the pancreatic head after she developed obstructive jaundice. She was diagnosed with T2N0M0, Stage IB pancreatic cancer and pancytopenia due to PH associated with LC. She received 2 cycles of adjuvant gemcitabine/S-1 chemotherapy and underwent radical subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy with splenectomy to improve her pancytopenia. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed an R0 resection showing an Evans grade IIa histological response. Her pancytopenia improved rapidly after surgery.Clinical discussionStrict indications for PD, haemostatic control of intraoperative bleeding, and optimal perioperative management were important for preventing hepatic decompensation in this patient. Splenectomy is effective for thrombocytopenia due to LC; however, attention to postoperative complications such as overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and portal vein thrombosis is required.ConclusionFor patients with pancreatic cancer with pancytopenia due to LC, PD combined with splenectomy plus optimal perioperative management is effective.     

胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治（附22例分析）

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的防治措施。方法 对行胰十二指肠切除术(PD)69例进行回顾性分析。结果 69例PD术后有并发症22例(28例次)，占31．9％。4例患者发生两种或以上的并发症。主要包括胰瘘5例次，胆瘘3例次，出血3例次，切口感染6例次，腹腔感染4例次，肺部感染2例次，皮下血肿1例次，肝衰、肾衰、心衰、乳糜腹各1例次。死亡9例，病死率13％。结论 预防是关键，术前、术中和术后的处理均要周到，术前尽早应用营养支持，纠正贫血，防止水电解质紊乱，改善重要器官功能和凝血功能，术中仔细解剖和精细操作，防治低血压，术后妥善处理才能降低并发症和手术死亡率。     

老年人壶腹周围癌胰十二指肠切除27例疗效分析

目的 探讨70岁以上壶腹周围癌患者行胰十二指肠切除的指征和疗效。方法 对27例年龄超过70岁的壶腹周围癌患者，行胰十二指肠切除治疗后的临床病例资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术后外科并发症12例(44．4％)，包括腹腔内出血3例，消化道出血2例，胰瘘3例，胃潴留4例，切口裂开及感染3例，其中3例(11．1％)在术后30天内死亡。平均生存15．3个月(除外8例术后18个月仍健在者)。有4例生存超过3年，3年生存率21．0％(4／19)。结论 患者年龄因素不是胰十二指肠切除的禁忌证，胰十二指肠切除是治疗70岁以上患者壶腹周围癌的有效手段。     

胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合在胰腺外科中的应用

目的:探讨胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合在胰腺外科应用的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析我院自2001年1月到2006年4月间施行的胰头十二指肠切除术83例。比较不同胰肠吻合方法对胰瘘发生的影响。结果:胰瘘总发生率为27%(22/83)。胰肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合术后恢复良好,无胰瘘发生。端端吻合的胰瘘发生率为40%(10/25);端侧吻合的胰瘘发生率为27%(12/44)。比较各种吻合方式,端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合的胰瘘发生率显著低于端端吻合(P<0.01)和端侧吻合(P<0.05),而端端吻合和端侧吻合之间胰瘘发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论:胰腺-空肠端端套入式间断U型缝合法吻合降低手术所致胰肠吻合口瘘的发生率,效果满意。但因临床例数较少,其安全可靠性、实用合理性还有待进一步观察、证实。     

胰十二指肠切除术消化道重建方式的探讨

目的探讨降低胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的措施。方法回顾分析1998年1月~2004年12月,34例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。29例患者采用胰十二指肠切除术消化道的重建:胰管-黏膜端侧胰肠吻合;对胰腺组织较软、胰管较细的5例患者,采用端-端胰肠套入吻合。胆道重建采用肝总管空肠端-侧吻合。胃肠的重建采用Roux-en-Y胃空肠吻合。结果住院病死率为零。发生术后并发症:切口感染4例(12%),胃排空延迟1例(3%),肺炎1例(3%),腹腔内积液1例(3%)以及胰肠吻合口漏1例(3%)。胰漏经保守治疗后痊愈。无腹腔内出血、腹腔内脓肿和其他吻合口漏发生。术后平均随访21个月(6个月~5年),临床上未出现脂肪痢样腹泻、胆汁返流性胃炎、胃肠吻合口溃疡、胆道逆行感染和倾倒综合征的表现。术后无新增的糖尿病患者。结论采用恰当的消化道重建方式可以有效地减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症。