Autocrine motility factor (neuroleukin, phosphohexose isomerase) induces cell movement through 12-lipoxygenase-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation and serine dephosphorylation events

Autocrine motility factor (AMF) is one of the motility cytokines regulating tumor cell migration, therefore identification of the signaling pathway coupled with it has critical importance. Previous studies revealed several elements of this pathway predominated by lipoxygenase-PKC activations but the role for tyrosine kinases remained questionable. Motility cytokines frequently have mitogenic effect as well, producing activation of overlapping signaling pathways therefore we have used B16a melanoma cells as models where AMF has exclusive motility effect. Our studies revealed that in B16a cells AMF initiated rapid (1–5 min) activation of the protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) cascade inducing phosphorylation of 179, 125, 95 and 40/37 kD proteins which was mediated by upstream cyclo- and lipoxygenases. The phosphorylated proteins were localized to the cortical actin-stress fiber attachment zones in situ by confocal microscopy. On the other hand, AMF receptor activation induced significant decrease in overall serine-phosphorylation level of cellular proteins accompanied by serine phosphorylation of 200, 90, 78 and 65 kd proteins. The decrease in serine phosphorylation was independent of PTKs, PKC as well as cyclo- and lipoxygenases. However, AMF induced robust translocation of PKCα to the stress fibers and cortical actin suggesting a critical role for this kinase in the generation of the motility signal. Based on the significant decrease in serine phosphorylation after AMF stimulus in B16a cells we postulated the involvement of putative serine/threonine phosphatase(s) upstream lipoxygenase and activation of the protein tyrosine kinase cascade downstream cyclo- and lipoxygenase(s) in the previously identified autocrine motility signal. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蛋白激酶Cθ信号途径在结核分枝杆菌抗原激活人γδT细胞增殖和分化中的作用

目的 研究蛋白激酶Cθ(protein kinase Cθ,PKCθ)信号途径在结核分枝杆菌抗原(Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen,Mtb-Ag)激活人γδT细胞增殖和分化中的作用.方法 健康人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)用Mtb-Ag和IL-2优势刺激和扩增γδT细胞,或预先用5.0μmol/L Rottlerin(楸毒素)预处理,培养不同时间后,用流式细胞术(FCM)检测γδT细胞表面活化分子和细胞因子表达;同时采用活体染料羧基荧光素乙酰乙酸(CFSE)标记细胞,流式细胞术分析Mtb-Ag刺激γδT细胞后的增殖和各子代细胞百分率.结果 PBMC经Mtb-Ag刺激后3d,γδT细胞CD69和CD25表达分别为46.2%和45.6%,而Rotderin预处理显著地抑制了CD69和CD25表达(P＜0.01);PBMC经Mtb-Ag激活培养5、10和15d,培养扩增细胞中的γδT细胞比例分别为9.6%、54.6%和82.4%,其中第5天已有少部分γδT细胞发生增殖,第10天和第15天时几乎全部γδT细胞分裂都在6代以上,用Rottlerin预处理,显著抑制了γδT细胞增殖反应,但在培养第10天后仍有少部分γδT细胞发生增殖反应;同时在培养第7天、14天和21天,用PMA(佛波酯)+Ionomycin(离子霉素)再刺激后,产生IFN-γ的γδT细胞均在80%左右;培养21d时,有2.6%的γδT细胞表达IL-4.在Rottlerin预处理组产生TH1型细胞因子IFN-γ的γδT细胞均显著减少(P＜0.05),而γδT细胞表达TH2型细胞因子IL-4则几乎完全抑制(P＜0.01).结论 PKCθ信号途径在Mtb-Ag刺激γδT细胞的增殖和分化中均起重要作用.     

免疫调节剂对致痫大鼠脑内神经元及小胶质细胞内谷氨酸和蛋白激酶C免疫反应的影响

为了探讨免疫调节作用对癫痫发病的影响与相关机制,应用免疫细胞化学技术研究免疫调节剂干预戊四氮(pentyle-netetrazol,PTZ)致痫时,大鼠脑内及培养的小胶质细胞内谷氨酸(Glu)和蛋白激酶C(PKC)的表达变化。结果显示:在体实验中大鼠大脑皮质及海马,Glu和PKC在生理盐水对照组(NS组)、戊四氮组(PTZ组)、左旋咪唑+戊四氮组(LMS+PTZ组)、地塞米松+戊四氮组(DEX+PTZ组)均有不同的表达,且二种物质变化趋势基本一致。其中PTZ组较NS组表达增强,LMS+PTZ组进一步增强,DEX+PTZ组较PTZ组和LMS+PTZ组明显减弱。离体实验中,PTZ作用小胶质细胞2h即可引起Glu和PKC表达增多,6h达峰值,12h表达有所减弱,且PTZ组Glu和PKC表达较NS组明显增多,免疫增强剂(levamisole,LMS)可进一步增强Glu和PKC的表达;免疫抑制剂(dexamethasone,DEX)则下调其表达。以上结果提示免疫调节剂可能通过作用于神经元和小胶质细胞内Glu和PKC的表达而共同影响癫痫的发病机制和发病状态。     

姜黄素对氯化铝染毒的NG108 - 15细胞凋亡及PKC - NMDAR通路表达的影响

目的 探讨姜黄素对氯化铝染毒所致NG108 - 15细胞凋亡的影响及其机制,为铝致学习记忆损伤的治疗提供参考。方法 取对数生长期NG108 - 15细胞,随机分为空白对照组、DMSO组（溶剂对照）、姜黄素组（16 μmol/L姜黄素）、铝组（160 mg/L氯化铝染毒 ）、铝+姜黄素组（160 mg/L氯化铝染毒24 h后,给予16 μmol/L姜黄素处理24 h）。收集各组细胞,采用吖啶橙/嗅化乙锭（AO/EB）双荧光染色观察细胞凋亡形态,计数凋亡细胞数并计算凋亡率;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率, qRT - PCR检测细胞中PKC、NMDAR1、NMDAR2B 的mRNA表达水平,western blot检测细胞中凋亡相关蛋白（caspase3、Bax）和PKC、NMDAR1、NMDAR2B的蛋白表达水平。多组间均数的比较采用单因素方差分析（one - way ANOVA）,组间两样本均数的比较采用LSD法。结果 与空白对照组相比,铝染毒组的caspase3、Bax蛋白表达水平升高（t = - 5.547、 - 4.948,P＜0.001）,PKC、NMDAR1、NMDAR2B的mRNA（t = 4.926,P = 0.003;t = 6.330,P＜0.001;t = 4.224,P = 0.019）和蛋白（t = 20.638,P＜0.001;t = 4.509,P＜0.001;t = 17.388,P = 0.002）表达水平降低, AO/EB染色和流式细胞术结果均表明细胞凋亡率升高（t = - 5.153、 - 7.390,P＜0.001）;加入姜黄素处理后,与铝染毒组相比,铝+姜黄素组的caspase3、Bax蛋白表达水平降低（t = 2.930,P = 0.006;t = 4.907,P＜0.001）,PKC、NMDAR1、NMDAR2B 的mRNA（t = - 10.337、 - 6.621、 - 6.847,P＜0.001）和蛋白（t = - 30.551、 - 7.451、 - 26.294,P＜0.001）表达水平升高,AO/EB染色和流式细胞术结果均表明细胞凋亡率降低（t = 2.707,P = 0.01;t = 4.632,P＜0.001）。结论 上调PKC - NMDAR信号通路表达,可能是姜黄素减轻氯化铝染毒所致NG108 - 15细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

Potent induction of human colon cancer cell uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs by N-myristoylated protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) pseudosubstrate peptides through a P-glycoprotein-independent mechanism

Phorbol ester protein kinase C (PKC) activators and PKC isozyme over-expression have been shown to significantly reduce intracellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs, in association with the induction of multidrug resistance (MDR) in drug-sensitive cancer cells and enhancement of drug resistance in MDR cancer cells. These observations constitute solid evidence that PKC plays a significant role in the MDR phenotype of cancer cells. PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of the drug-efflux pump P-glycoprotein was recently ruled out as a contributing factor in MDR. At present, the sole drug transport-related event that has been identified as a component of the role of PKC in MDR is PKC-induced expression of the P-glycoprotein-encoding gene mdr1. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that PKC can modulate the uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer cells independently of P-glycoprotein. We analyzed the effects of selective PKC activators/inhibitors on the uptake of radiolabelled cytotoxic drugs by cultured human colon cancer cells that lacked P-glycoprotein activity and did not express the drug efflux pump at the level of message (mdr1) or protein. We found that the selective PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) significantly reduced uptake of [¹⁴C] Adriamycin and [³H] vincristine in human colon cancer cells devoid of P-glycoprotein activity, and that PKC-inhibitory N-myristoylated PKC- pseudosubstrate synthetic peptides potently and selectively induced uptake of the cytotoxic drugs in the phorbol ester-treated and non-treated colon cancer cells. TPA treatment of the cells did not induce expression of either P-glycoprotein or its message mdr1. In contrast with [¹⁴C]Adriamycin and [³H] vincristine uptake, [³H] 5-fluorouracil uptake by the cells was unaffected by TPA and reduced by the PKC-inhibitory peptides. These results indicate that PKC activation can significantly reduce the uptake of multiple cytotoxic drugs by cancer cells independently of P-glycoprotein, and that N-myristoylated PKC- pseudosubstrate peptides potently and selectively induce uptake of multiple cytotoxic drugs in cultured human colon cancer cells by a novel mechanism that does not involve P-glycoprotein and may involve PKC isozyme inhibition. Thus, N-myristoylated PKC- pseudosubstrate peptides may offer a basis for the development of agents that reverse intrinsic drug resistance in human colon cancer.     

Adenosine suppresses protein kinase A- and C-induced enhancement of glutamate release in the hippocampus

Cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were used to investigate the effect of adenosine on the release of glutamate. Spontaneous tetrodotoxin-resistant miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) through AMPA receptor channels were recorded by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Adenosine (50 microM) reversibly reduced the frequency of mEPSCs by approximately 50-60%, but did not change their amplitudes. The protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (100-150 microM) did not block the adenosine-dependent reduction of the mEPSC frequency, showing that adenosine is not depressing synaptic transmission via a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent mechanism. The D1 dopamine agonist SKF-38393 (250 microM), forskolin (5 microM) and 8Br-cAMP (2 mM), known to activate the cAMP/PKA-dependent signalling pathway, all enhanced the mEPSC frequency. A subsequent application of adenosine (50 microM) strongly reduced the potentiation produced by any one of these three drugs. It also reversed protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent stimulation of glutamate release induced by phorbol myristate acetate (100 nM). Taken together, adenosine not only inhibits the spontaneous release of glutamate independently of protein kinases A and C but also reverses the enhancement of exocytosis produced by protein kinases A and C activators.     

Cell Type-specific Effects of the Neural Adhesion Molecules L1 and N-CAM on Diverse Second Messenger Systems

We have previously shown that the neural adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM influence second messenger systems when triggered with specific antibodies at the surface of the phaeochromocytoma PC12 cell line (Schuch et al., Neuron, 3, 13 - 20, 1989). To determine whether the two molecules are linked to the same intracellular signalling cascades, independent of the cell type expressing them, or whether different neural cell types respond with different signal transduction mechanisms, we have investigated the effects of antibodies to L1 and N-CAM, and the isolated molecules themselves, on second messenger systems in different neural cell types. We have investigated cultures of cerebellar and dorsal root ganglion neurons and transformed Schwann cells and related these results to those obtained with the PC12 cell line. Here we show that addition of L1 and N-CAM antibodies and the isolated molecules themselves elicit cell type-specific responses that can be modulated by the substrate on which the cells are maintained. Depending on the cell type, cells respond to the triggering of L1 and N-CAM with antibodies, or addition of the purified molecules, by either up-regulation or down-regulation of inositol phosphate turnover, by a rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels dependent on or independent of the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, or by an increase or decrease in intracellular pH. Moreover, cerebellar neurons expressing N-CAM respond to addition N-CAM, but not to N-CAM antibodies, in contrast to the other neural cell types studied, which respond to both triggers. Furthermore, cerebellar neurons were the only cells to show a rise in cAMP levels in response to any of the ligands tested. This stimulation of cAMP production by L1 antibodies depended on the cross-linking of L1 molecules at the cell surface, whereas the other responses did not depend on clustering of L1. Simultaneous addition of L1 and N-CAM antibodies either elicited an additive or more than additive effect on the intracellular responses which, for cerebellar neurons, depends on the substrate on which the cells are maintained. These observations indicate that L1 and N-CAM or their antibodies activate cell type-specific intracellular signalling systems and that the two molecules can act interdependently or independently of each other.     

Reversible protein kinase C activation in PC12 cells: effect of NGF treatment

Although protein kinase C (PKC) is a key enzyme in the signal transduction process, there is little information on the mechanism leading to PKC activation in living cells. Using a new fluorescence imaging method, we studied this mechanism and correlated PKC conformational changes with intracellular Ca2+ concentration. PC12 cells were simultaneously loaded with Fura-2-AM and Fim-1, two fluorescent probes, which recognize Ca2+ and PKC, respectively. KCl and carbachol (an agonist to muscarinic receptors) applications induced dose-dependent increases of fluorescence for both probes. Both Ca2+ and PKC responses were observed within seconds following KCl or carbachol application, and were reversible upon stimulus withdrawal. PKC activation kinetics was slightly more rapid than the Ca2+ response after KCl application. After nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment of the cells, the amplitude of the KCl-induced PKC responses was larger indicating an increase in the activated PKC-pool in these cells. This difference between control and NGF-treated cells was not observed following carbachol application, suggesting the involvement of different PKC pools. While the Ca2+ response uniformly occurred in the cytosol, the PKC response displayed a patch pattern with higher intensities in the peripheral zone near the plasma membrane. This heterogeneous distribution of PKC activation sites was similar to the immunocytological localization of Ca2+-dependent and independent PKC isoforms, which suggested that at least several PKC isoforms interacted with intracellular elements. Upon repeated stimulation, the PKC response rapidly desensitized.     

大肠癌细胞侵袭转移的PKC调节机制研究

目的　探讨蛋白激酶C(PKC)对大肠癌细胞侵袭转移的调节机制。方法　采用羊膜侵袭培养系统和明胶酶谱分析的方法 ,研究PKC激活剂佛波酯PMA ,对人大肠癌细胞株HT 2 9体外侵袭作用的影响及PKC抑制剂staurosporine(SP)对PMA的拮抗作用 ,研究这种体外的侵袭作用与细胞分泌 72kD的基质金属蛋白酶MMP 2和 92kD的基质金属蛋白酶MMP 9的关系。结果　PMA可显著增强HT 2 9细胞的侵袭性 ,与对照组相比 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,而SP则可拮抗PMA的这种诱导作用。PMA还可增加HT 2 9细胞分泌MMP 2和MMP 9,而SP则可拮抗PMA的这种诱导作用 ,抑制MMP 2和MMP 9的分泌。结论　PKC可调节大肠癌细胞侵袭转移 ,PKC的激活可诱导大肠癌细胞侵袭性增强和增加MMP 2和MMP 9的分泌 ,PKC的抑制可促进大肠癌细胞侵袭性降低和减少MMP 2和MMP 9的分泌。MMP 2和MMP 9的分泌与肿瘤细胞侵袭性有密切关系 ,PKC可能通过调节MMP 2、MMP 9的分泌来影响肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移特性的     

AngⅡPKC和AT1受体的mRNA表达在大鼠慢性心衰中的作用

目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、蛋白激酶C(PKC)和AT1受体的mRNA表达在大鼠慢性心衰中的作用.方法:制作冠状动脉结扎心衰大鼠模型,采用免疫组化方法测定大鼠心肌细胞中AngⅡ、PKC含量;采用RT-PCR方法测定AT1受体mRNA含量.结果:与正常组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠PKC活性增强(P＜0.01),AT1受体的mRNA表达也有升高(P＜0.05).结论:激活AngⅡ和受体及其下游的信号分子PKC是介导心衰的重要信号转导途径.