Reinforcing effects of central ethanol injections in newborn rat pups

BACKGROUND: Newborn rat pups readily ingest ethanol of low to moderate concentrations and are sensitive to its reinforcing effects. Given that early ethanol exposure can promote its future abuse, it is vital to discover the mechanisms behind reinforcing effects of ethanol at this stage of life. METHODS: Cesarean-delivered 3- to 4-hour-old rat pups were exposed to lemon odor (unconditioned stimulus) either paired or explicitly unpaired with central injections of saline or ethanol (25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg%) in a volume of 1 muL. One hour following conditioning subjects were tested on a surrogate nipple providing water in the presence of lemon odor. Reinforcement from ethanol's central effects was indexed by significantly greater attachment time on a lemon-scented nipple in paired subjects than in unpaired or saline controls. RESULTS: Rats centrally injected with 25 to 200 mg% ethanol in the presence of lemon odor spent significantly more time attached to a lemon-scented surrogate nipple providing water than did their saline-injected or unpaired counterparts. Those injected with 400 mg% ethanol did not differ from their corresponding controls. No detectable brain alcohol content was found in the assay of whole brain for ethanol levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that 3- to 4-hour-old rat pups find central injections of 25 to 200 mg% ethanol reinforcing. This procedure virtually eliminates ethanol's chemosensory or caloric attributes as the source of ethanol reinforcement. The present classical olfactory conditioning paradigm can be used to further study mechanisms of this apparently pharmacological reinforcement by ethanol in newborn rat pups.     

乳头乳晕角化过度症1例

患者女,25岁。双侧乳头、乳晕呈棕色色素加深伴皮肤肥厚10余年。皮肤科检查:双侧乳头乳晕对称性皮肤色素加深呈暗褐色,乳晕范围扩大,直径5～6cm,边界清楚,皮肤明显增生肥厚,呈疣状突起,沟纹加深加宽,乳头无溢液。组织病理示表皮呈乳头瘤样增生,棘层肥厚,有角质栓塞,基底细胞色素增多。诊断:乳头乳晕角化过度症。     

美蓝染色与术中B超定位在乳头溢液手术中的应用

目的探讨美蓝染色与术中B超定位在乳头溢液手术中的应用价值。方法将46例乳头溢液患者随机分为两组,分别采用美蓝染色及术中B超定位,确定病变导管后手术,并评价效果。结果美蓝组切除的腺体质量明显小于B超组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术野污染率美蓝组为13.04%(3/23),B超组为0(0/23);病灶遗漏率美蓝组为0(0/23),B超组为8.70%(2/23),两组比较,差异有统计学(P<0.05)。结论美蓝染色和术中B超定位对乳头溢液患者病灶的切除,具有安全、准确、实用等优点,两者合用可提高治疗效果。     

纤维乳管镜检查的护理配合

目的:探讨使用纤维乳管镜仪器对乳头溢液患者治疗过程中的护理配合。方法:对62例行纤维乳管镜检查过程中的护理配合情况进行总结、分析。结果:通过术前术后的恰当护理及术中密切配合,62例患者均顺利完成检查,无并发症发生。结论:纤维乳管镜检查是一种对乳头溢液患者行之有效的检查方法,护理人员在使用纤维乳管镜前后悉心检查,做好消毒保养工作并与医师密切配合,能为乳头溢液患者的最佳诊断治疗提供有效的保证。     

母乳喂养乳头替代装置临床应用效果观察

目的探讨乳头异常致母乳喂养困难者理想的解决方法。方法将101例乳头异常产妇随机分为对照组37例,观察Ⅰ组12例,观察Ⅱ组52例。按照常规的护理指导协助母乳喂养为对照组,使用硅胶50度材质和硅胶20度材质的辅助"乳头替代装置"为观察Ⅰ组和观察Ⅱ组,记录各组母乳喂养的效果。结果对照组母乳喂养成功有效率为27.03%,观察Ⅰ组母乳喂养成功有效率为8.33%,观察Ⅱ组母乳喂养成功有效率为100%。结论选用合理材质的"乳头替代装置"有助于提高临床母乳喂养的成功率。     

自制矫正器治疗乳头内陷的疗效分析

目的探索一种微创的、有效的乳头内陷矫正方法.方法应用自制矫正器治疗乳头内陷33例,佩戴矫正器时间6～8个月.结果 33例患者拆除矫正器后,经过6个月～2 a随访,外形、高度均理想,无回缩复发.结论本方法简单、安全,效果持久,均能获得满意的效果.     

乳腺导管造影诊断乳头溢液疾病98例分析

目的探讨乳腺导管造影对乳头溢液疾病的诊断价值,提高诊断和鉴别诊断水平。方法回顾性分析经临床和手术病理证实的98例乳头溢液患者的乳腺导管造影片的X射线资料。结果乳腺导管造影正常者8例,占8.16%;导管内乳头状瘤32例,占32.65%;单纯导管扩张46例,占46.95%;纤维囊性乳腺病及乳腺增生7例,占7.14%;导管扩张伴炎症3例,占3.06%;导管癌2例,占2.04%。结论乳腺导管造影对诊断和鉴别诊断乳头溢液疾病有很重要的价值,可为临床提供可靠的诊断治疗依据。     

刺营论治乳蛾探析

目的:探讨从刺营论治乳蛾的机理。方法:通过对乳蛾的病因病机分析,认为乳蛾发病的病机关键是邪毒壅滞、痰瘀痹阻;而咽喉局部脉络痹阻是乳蛾发病的经络学基础。在临床上,通过对咽喉患部乳蛾的刺营或配合循经取穴刺营治疗,可疏通脉络、逐邪外出、解毒消肿、化痰祛瘀、调和阴阳,从而达到通利咽喉之目的。结论:刺营法是治疗乳蛾的重要方法。     

Description of 101 cases of nipple cracks and risk factors via case–control study in eight units of a perinatal network

Nipple crack are a frequent complication of breastfeeding, causing pain for the mother and feeding difficulties for the baby with the risk of early cessation of breastfeeding. The characteristics of nipple cracks have rarely been described. Treatment varies according to the period of breasfeeding and the maternity ward. Eight maternity wards in a perinatal health network in western France followed up maternal nipple cracks. The cracks were described and their treatment was noted. The variables regarding the mothers, delivery conditions, health of newborns, and their ability to breastfeed were analyzed. Each case patient was matched with a control patient who was in a room adjacent to the case patient. Case–control analysis was univariate, followed by multivariate analysis via logistic regression (SPSS 20.0) with adjusted odds ratios (aOR). In all, 101 cases of women with nipple cracks were studied. The cracks were predominantly located in the upper external quadrants as well as in the central part of the nipple. There were no lateralization effects (right or left). The most frequent treatments after breastfeeding were oils, hydrophilic gel, and maternal milk. Compared with the 101 controls without cracks, the features associated with cracks in multivariate analysis were fair skin (aOR = 1.92 [1.01–3.60]; P = 0.04), history of nipple cracks (aOR = 11.38 [3.69–35.13]; P = 0.0001), first breastfeeding (aOR = 4.21 [1.27–13.86]; P = 0.018), and normal weight or no obesity (aOR = 0.33 [0.14–0.75]; P = 0.008). Two more specific analyses were performed in primiparous and multiparous women. In conclusion, the practitioners learned to describe nipple cracks and analyze their treatments. Knowledge of the risk factors should enable practitioners to propose active prevention to mothers with fair skin, a history of cracks, or a lack of experience in breastfeeding by helping them to breastfeed during the first days of their infant's life, especially for primiparous and overweight or obese women.