Computer science education for medical informaticians

The core curriculum in the education of medical informaticians remains a topic of concern and discussion. This paper reports on a survey of medical informaticians with Master's level credentials that asked about computer science (CS) topics or skills that they need in their employment. All subjects were graduates or "near-graduates" of a single medical informatics Master's program that they entered with widely varying educational backgrounds. The survey instrument was validated for face and content validity prior to use. All survey items were rated as having some degree of importance in the work of these professionals, with retrieval and analysis of data from databases, database design and web technologies deemed most important. Least important were networking skills and object-oriented design and concepts. These results are consistent with other work done in the field and suggest that strong emphasis on technical skills, particularly databases, data analysis, web technologies, computer programming and general computer science are part of the core curriculum for medical informatics.     

2018年四川省贫困县区居民健康素养监测结果分析

目的掌握四川省贫困地区居民的健康素养现况及其影响因素,为贫困地区居民健康素养的提升及健康扶贫工作的落实提供科学依据。方法采用分层多阶段、PPS、方便抽样相结合的方法,2018年在四川省88个贫困县区抽取18个县,对非集体居住的15~69岁常住人口进行健康素养问卷调查。采用SPSS 20.0软件进行t检验和单因素ANOVA分析,校验水准α=0.05。结果共调查四川省贫困地区5 797名居民,经过加权调整后,2018年四川省贫困地区居民具备健康素养的比例是1.5%;健康素养得分为(21.76±9.66)分,不同性别(t=4.221,P<0.001)、民族(t=18.900,P<0.001)、年龄组(F=2.952,P=0.012)、文化程度(F=10.941,P<0.001)、职业(F=3.152,P=0.001)、家庭常住人口数(F=3.232,P=0.040)、家庭人均年收入(F=4.581,P=0.003)的居民健康素养得分的差异具有统计学意义;具备基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、健康技能3个维度健康素养的比例分别是9.2%、13.7%和5.8%。结论 2018年四川省贫困地区居民健康素养水平较低,健康素养水平在不同人群特征的居民中表现出差异,应结合健康扶贫相关政策,加大健康教育工作力度,进一步提高贫困地区居民健康知识知晓率,健康技能掌握率和健康行为形成率,并针对健康知识、健康技能的掌握环节进行重点干预。     

1例用药错误事件的分析与改进

采用根本原因分析及行动法对1例儿科用药错误事件进行分析,确定根本原因,从人员、环境、制度等方面提出针对性改进措施。采取措施后,类似不良事件未再发生。建议医疗机构加强关键环节的有效沟通,鼓励患者参与医疗安全管理,营造病区安静环境,严格执行查对制度,正确识别患者身份,优化护理人力资源配置,以保证患者用药安全。     

糖尿病患者药物治疗认知、态度与依从性研究

目的 了解糖尿病患者药物治疗依从性现状及其影响因素,探讨药物治疗认知、态度与依从性之间的关系,为改善药物治疗依从性提供参考。方法 采用分层抽样方法,在山东省东中西部地区选取900名纳入基本公共卫生服务的糖尿病患者进行问卷调查,对842份有效问卷进行描述性分析、χ2检验以及多因素logistic回归分析。结果 842名糖尿病患者中,52.7%的患者药物治疗依从性较好。年龄越大的患者药物治疗依从性越差（OR = 0.66,95%CI:0.46～0.94,P = 0.022;OR = 0.46,95%CI:0.30～0.71,P＜0.001）;病程5～10年的患者比小于5年的患者药物治疗依从性更好（OR = 1.43,95%CI:1.03～1.98,P = 0.034）;药物治疗认知水平越高的患者药物治疗依从性越好（OR = 2.78,95%CI:1.21～6.38,P = 0.016;OR = 2.89,95%CI:1.27～6.58,P = 0.012）;药物治疗态度较好的患者比较差的患者药物治疗依从性更好（OR = 2.58,95%CI:1.28～5.18,P = 0.008）。结论 糖尿病患者的药物治疗依从性仍有待提升;提高患者的药物治疗认知水平与治疗态度有助于提高药物治疗依从性;应加强对糖尿病患者的健康知识教育,转变患者的药物治疗态度。     

基于微信平台的健康教育对精神分裂症患者服药依从性、精神症状及再住院率的影响

目的 探讨基于微信平台的健康教育对社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性、精神症状及再住院率的影响。方法 通过简单随机抽样的方法从上海市虹口区精神卫生信息管理系统中选取160例社区精神分裂症患者,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。对照组给予常规健康教育干预,观察组在常规健康教育干预的基础上,实施微信健康教育干预。分别在干预前（入组时）、干预6个月及12个月,对两组患者的药物依从性量表（medication adherence rating scale, MARS）和阳性与阴性症状量表 (positive and negative symptom scale, PANSS)的评分及再住院率进行比较,以t检验或χ2检验进行统计分析。结果 160例患者中观察组和对照组各80例,干预前两组患者MARS和PANSS评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,干预6个月和12个月时,观察组患者MARS评分均高于对照组［（6.84±2.68） vs （5.90±2.16）和（7.26±2.33） vs （5.97±1.77）］、PANSS评分均低于对照组［（46.33±7.50） vs （50.52±6.74）和（44.09±7.93） vs （50.03±6.59）］,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,干预12个月,观察组患者再住院率为2.50%低于对照组11.25%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 基于微信平台的健康教育能够提高社区精神分裂症患者服药依从性、改善精神症状和降低再住院率,值得社区推广使用。     

西藏山南市某县318名小学生营养素养调查分析

目的 分析西藏山南市某县小学生营养素养现状,探讨可行性提升方案。方法 使用课题组自编问卷,选取某县镇属小学和乡属小学各1所,对一至五年级学生进行抽样调查。使用χ2检验或独立样本t检验,分析镇小学与乡小学学生营养素养是否存在差异。结果 318名藏族学生在食物搭配、睡眠时长、户外活动时长、谷物主要营养素、深色蔬菜、预防缺血性贫血的食品等题目的知晓率较低。不少于83.9%的学生愿意将所知道的营养健康知识进行宣传。三、四年级学生报告一周内所吃食物种类平均为4.2～4.4类,五年级学生报告一周内所吃食物种类平均为6.0～6.3类。镇小学低年级学生在“饭前手卫生”(100% vs 81.8%,χ2=12.064,P<0.001)及“餐后口腔卫生”(88.1% vs 67.3%,χ2=6.965,P=0.008)方面的知晓率高于乡小学;镇小学中年级学生“新鲜水果代替食物”(81.9% vs 53.6%,χ2=11.970,P<0.001)知晓率高于乡小学,乡小学中年级学生“室外活动时长”(30.4% vs 6.9%,χ2=12.131,P<0.001)知晓率高于镇小学;镇小学高年级学生在“预防贫血”(29.3% vs 0,χ2=9.920,P=0.002)及“室外活动时长”(56.1% vs 0,χ2=23.561,P<0.001)方面的知晓率高于乡小学,乡小学高年级学生在“新鲜水果代替食物”(100% vs 75.6%,χ2=6.18,P=0.012)及“睡眠时长”(100% vs 80.5%,χ2=6.152,P=0.013)方面的知晓率高于镇小学,上述差异均具有统计学意义。结论 山南市小学生营养素养尚存在较大的提升空间。应在镇、乡各级学校应加强对认识食物、食物搭配、营养健康术语等内容的专题指导,以提高学生营养素养和健康水平。     

Functional Health Literacy: Psychometric Properties of the Newest Vital Sign for Portuguese Adolescents (NVS-PTeen)

Self-management of health requires skills to obtain, process, understand, and use health-related information. Assessment of adolescents’ functional health literacy requires valid, reliable, and low-burden tools. The main objective of this study was to adapt and study the psychometric properties of the Newest Vital Sign for the Portuguese adolescents’ population (NVS-PTeen). Classic psychometric indicators of reliability and validity were combined with item response theory (IRT) analyses in a cross-sectional survey, complemented with a 3-month test-retest assessment. The NVS-PTeen was self-administered to students enrolled in grades 8 to 12 (12 to 17 years old) in a school setting. Overall, 386 students (191 girls) from 16 classes of the same school participated in the study (mean age = 14.5; SD = 1.5). Internal reliability of the NVS-PTeen was α = 0.60. The NVS-PTeen total score was positively and significantly correlated with Portuguese (r = 0.28) and mathematics scores (r = 0.31), school years (r = 0.31), and age (r = 0.19). Similar to the original scale (for the U.S.), the NVS-PTeen is composed of two dimensions, reading-related literacy and numeracy. Temporal reliability is adequate, though with a learning effect. IRT analyses revealed differences in difficulty and discriminative capacity among items, all with adequate outfit and infit values. Results showed that the NVS-PTeen is valid and reliable, sensible to inter-individual educational differences, and adequate for regular screening of functional health literacy in adolescents.     

How different health literacy dimensions influences health and well‐being among men and women: The mediating role of health behaviours

BackgroundHealth literacy, the ability to access, understand, evaluate and apply health information, was found to contribute to positive health outcomes, possibly via promoting healthy behaviours. However, the specific pathways linking different health literacy skills to health and well‐being have remained unclear.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey with structural questionnaires was administered among 2236 adults in Hong Kong (mean age = 46.10 ± 19.05). Health literacy was measured by HLS‐Asian‐47. Participants'' physical conditions and subjective well‐being were predicted by health literacy and health behaviours with structural modelling path analysis.ResultsHealth literacy in finding and understanding information showed a direct effect on enhancing physical health, while applying information capacity had an indirect positive effect via promoting health behaviours, which was moderated by sex. Only among women, this indirect effect predicting fewer physical symptoms and better well‐being was significant.ConclusionsDifferent health literacy dimensions showed distinct direct and indirect pathways in influencing health for men and women. Based on the findings, skill trainings should be developed to enhance both gender''s abilities of finding and understanding health information, while the ability of applying health information should also be improved for modifying lifestyle and promoting health, particularly for women.Patient or Public ContributionTwo thousand and two hundred thirty‐six adults from different districts of Hong Kong participated in the study, and responded to questions on health literacy, behaviours and health status.     

甘露醇联合吡拉西坦治疗脑出血致脑水肿的疗效及其安全性分析

目的分析甘露醇联合吡拉西坦治疗脑出血致脑水肿患者的疗效及其安全性。方法选择2019年9月-2020年5月在沈阳市第五人民医院接受治疗的脑出血致脑水肿患者118例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各59例,两组入院后均实施常规治疗,在此基础上对照组予以甘露醇治疗、观察组给予甘露醇联合吡拉西坦治疗,比较两组的疗效、药物安全性,以及治疗前和治疗20d后神经功能和神经肽Y水平。结果观察组总有效率为98.31%,高于对照组的86.44%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后两组美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分及神经肽Y水平均较治疗前下降,且观察组较对照组更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组不良反应总发生率为8.47%,高于对照组的5.08%,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论甘露醇联合吡拉西坦治疗脑出血致脑水肿的疗效较单独应用甘露醇更好,而且能够改善患者神经功能,安全性较高,值得推广。     

泰州市居民慢性病防治健康素养水平及其影响因素

目的分析泰州市居民慢性病防治健康素养水平及其影响因素。方法在2018年6月—2019年5月间经多阶段分层整群随机抽样选取泰州市2022名常住居民开展慢性病防治健康素养相关问卷调查,分析调查结果。结果2022份问卷回收有效问卷2010份;以“儿童青少年也可能发生抑郁症”正确率89.0%、“超重或肥胖者易患的病”正确率80.3%占据前两名;慢性病防治健康素养水平相关因素包括地区,年龄,文化等,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),性别方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经Logistic回归分析显示,影响慢性病防治健康素养影响因素主要包括地区、年龄、学历、职业及家庭收入,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论泰州市居民慢性病防治健康素养在蔬菜水果、儿童抑郁症及肥胖者易患病等方面水平较高,而在骨质疏松相关知识了解程度则较低,影响因素包括地区、年龄、学历、职业及家庭收入。